PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA

Abstract in English:

Spilki F.R., Silva A.D., Batista H.B.C.R., Oliveira A.P., Winkelmann E., Franco A.C., Porciúncula J.A. & Roehe P.M. 2005. Field evaluation of safety during gestation and horizontal spread of a recombinant differential bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) vaccine. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(1):54-58. Instituto de Pesquisa Veterinária Desidério Finamor, Fepagro-Saúde Animal, Cx. Postal 47, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil. E-mail: proehe@ufrgs.br Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) is recognized as a major cause of respiratory, reproductive disease and abortion in cattle. Vaccination is widely applied to minimize losses induced by BoHV-1 infections; however, vaccination of dams during pregnancy with modified live virus (MLV) vaccines has been occasionally associated to abortions. We have previously reported the development of a BoHV-1 recombinant virus, constructed with basis on a Brazilian BoHV-1 (Franco et al. 2002a) from which the gene coding for glycoprotein E (gE) was deleted (gE-) by genetic manipulation. Such recombinant has been previously evaluated in its potential as a differential vaccine (gE- vaccine) that allows differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals. Here, in the first part of the present study, the safety of the gE- vaccine during pregnancy was evaluated by the intramuscular inoculation of 107.4 tissue culture 50 % infective doses (TCID50) of the virus into 22 pregnant dams (14 BoHV-1 seronegative; 8 seropositive), at different stages of gestation. Other 15 pregnant dams were kept as non-vaccinated controls. No abortions, stillbirths or fetal abnormalities were seen after vaccination. Seroconversion was observed in both groups of previously seronegative vaccinated animals. In the second part of the study, the potential of the gE- vaccine virus to spread among beef cattle under field conditions was examined. Four heifers were inoculated intranasally with a larger amount (107,6 TCID50) of the gE- vaccine (to increase chances of transmission) and mixed with other sixteen animals at the same age and body condition, in the same grazing area, at a population density equal to the average cattle farming density within the region (one cattle head per 10,000 m2), for 180 days. All animals were monitored daily for clinical signs. Serum samples were collected on days 0, 30, 60 and 180 post-vaccination. Seroconversion was observed only in vaccinated heifers. These results indicate that, under the conditions of the present study, the gE- vaccine virus did not cause any noticeable harmful effect on pregnant dams and on its offspring and did not spread horizontally among cattle.

• Bovine herpesvirus 1 BoHV-1 recombinant gE- vaccine.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Spilki F.R., Silva A.D., Batista H.B.C.R., Oliveira A.P., Winkelmann E., Franco A.C., Porciúncula J.A. & Roehe P.M. 2005. Field evaluation of safety during gestation and horizontal spread of a recombinant differential bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) vaccine. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(1):54-58. Instituto de Pesquisa Veterinária Desidério Finamor, Fepagro-Saúde Animal, Cx. Postal 47, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil. E-mail: proehe@ufrgs.br Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) is recognized as a major cause of respiratory, reproductive disease and abortion in cattle. Vaccination is widely applied to minimize losses induced by BoHV-1 infections; however, vaccination of dams during pregnancy with modified live virus (MLV) vaccines has been occasionally associated to abortions. We have previously reported the development of a BoHV-1 recombinant virus, constructed with basis on a Brazilian BoHV-1 (Franco et al. 2002a) from which the gene coding for glycoprotein E (gE) was deleted (gE-) by genetic manipulation. Such recombinant has been previously evaluated in its potential as a differential vaccine (gE- vaccine) that allows differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals. Here, in the first part of the present study, the safety of the gE- vaccine during pregnancy was evaluated by the intramuscular inoculation of 107.4 tissue culture 50 % infective doses (TCID50) of the virus into 22 pregnant dams (14 BoHV-1 seronegative; 8 seropositive), at different stages of gestation. Other 15 pregnant dams were kept as non-vaccinated controls. No abortions, stillbirths or fetal abnormalities were seen after vaccination. Seroconversion was observed in both groups of previously seronegative vaccinated animals. In the second part of the study, the potential of the gE- vaccine virus to spread among beef cattle under field conditions was examined. Four heifers were inoculated intranasally with a larger amount (107,6 TCID50) of the gE- vaccine (to increase chances of transmission) and mixed with other sixteen animals at the same age and body condition, in the same grazing area, at a population density equal to the average cattle farming density within the region (one cattle head per 10,000 m2), for 180 days. All animals were monitored daily for clinical signs. Serum samples were collected on days 0, 30, 60 and 180 post-vaccination. Seroconversion was observed only in vaccinated heifers. These results indicate that, under the conditions of the present study, the gE- vaccine virus did not cause any noticeable harmful effect on pregnant dams and on its offspring and did not spread horizontally among cattle.

Abstract in English:

D'Ávila da Silva A., Sortica V.A., Braga A.C., Spilki F.R., Franco A.C., Esteves P.A., Rijsewijk F., Rosa J.C.A., Batista H.B.C.R., Oliveira A.P. & Roehe P.M. 2005. [Antigenic and molecular characterization of eight samples of Aujeszky’s disease virus isolated in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in 2003.] Caracterização antigênica e molecular de oito amostras do virus da doença de Aujeszky isoladas no estado do Rio Grande do Sul em 2003. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(1):21-24. Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fepagro Saúde Animal, Estrada do Conde 6000, Cx. Postal 47, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil. E-mail: proehe@ufrgs.br Pseudorabies or Aujeszky’s disease (AD), caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a major concern in swine production. In the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, AD was only detected in 1954, in cattle. In 2003 two outbreaks of encephalitis occurred on the northern region of the state, close to the border with the state of Santa Catarina. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) was isolated from distinct farms within the region and subjected to antigenic and genomic analyses. These isolates were compared with prototype strains NIA-3 and NP. Antigenic characterization with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) directed to viral glycoproteins (gB, gC, gD and gE,) was performed by an imunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) on infected cell monolayers. Genomic characterization was carried out by restriction enzyme analysis (REA) of the whole DNA viral genome with Bam HI. The antigenic profile of the eight isolates from Rio Grande do Sul as well as strains NIA-3 and NP were similar. REA analysis revealed that all isolates from Rio Grande do Sul displayed a genomic type II arrangement, a genotype often found in other outbreaks of AD previously reported in other Brazilian states. The results obtained suggest that the eight isolates examined here were similar.

• Aujeszky's disease epidemiology.

Abstract in Portuguese:

D'Ávila da Silva A., Sortica V.A., Braga A.C., Spilki F.R., Franco A.C., Esteves P.A., Rijsewijk F., Rosa J.C.A., Batista H.B.C.R., Oliveira A.P. & Roehe P.M. 2005. [Antigenic and molecular characterization of eight samples of Aujeszky’s disease virus isolated in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in 2003.] Caracterização antigênica e molecular de oito amostras do virus da doença de Aujeszky isoladas no estado do Rio Grande do Sul em 2003. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(1):21-24. Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Fepagro Saúde Animal, Estrada do Conde 6000, Cx. Postal 47, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil. E-mail: proehe@ufrgs.br Pseudorabies or Aujeszky’s disease (AD), caused by pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a major concern in swine production. In the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, AD was only detected in 1954, in cattle. In 2003 two outbreaks of encephalitis occurred on the northern region of the state, close to the border with the state of Santa Catarina. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) was isolated from distinct farms within the region and subjected to antigenic and genomic analyses. These isolates were compared with prototype strains NIA-3 and NP. Antigenic characterization with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) directed to viral glycoproteins (gB, gC, gD and gE,) was performed by an imunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) on infected cell monolayers. Genomic characterization was carried out by restriction enzyme analysis (REA) of the whole DNA viral genome with Bam HI. The antigenic profile of the eight isolates from Rio Grande do Sul as well as strains NIA-3 and NP were similar. REA analysis revealed that all isolates from Rio Grande do Sul displayed a genomic type II arrangement, a genotype often found in other outbreaks of AD previously reported in other Brazilian states. The results obtained suggest that the eight isolates examined here were similar.

Abstract in English:

Minho A.P., Navarro I.T., Freire R.L., Vidotto O., Gennari S.M., Marana E.M. & Garcia J.L. 2004. Evaluation of the indirect fluorescent antibody test and modified agglutination test for detection of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in experimentally infected pigs. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(4):199-202. Depto Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Cx. Postal 6001, Londrina, PR 86050-970, Brazil. E-mail: italmar@uel.br The study determined the sensitivity and specificity of the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and modified agglutination test (MAT) for anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibody detection by analyzing sera from 46 experimentally infected pigs. Values for sensitivity were 95.7% (confidence interval 95%: 84.0-99.2%) and for specificity 97.8% (confidence interval 95%: 87.0-99.9%) in both tests. There was an optimum agreement of results between IFAT and MAT evidenced by a Kappa test of 0.86. These results validate these tests for the detection of T. gondii infection in pigs. IFAT and MAT despite methodologies with different characteristics and readings have similar accuracy in pig serum samples.

• Toxoplasma gondii swine antibodies serology indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) modified agglutination test (MAT).

Abstract in Portuguese:

Minho A.P., Navarro I.T., Freire R.L., Vidotto O., Gennari S.M., Marana E.M. & Garcia J.L. 2004. Evaluation of the indirect fluorescent antibody test and modified agglutination test for detection of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in experimentally infected pigs. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(4):199-202. Depto Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Cx. Postal 6001, Londrina, PR 86050-970, Brazil. E-mail: italmar@uel.br The study determined the sensitivity and specificity of the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and modified agglutination test (MAT) for anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibody detection by analyzing sera from 46 experimentally infected pigs. Values for sensitivity were 95.7% (confidence interval 95%: 84.0-99.2%) and for specificity 97.8% (confidence interval 95%: 87.0-99.9%) in both tests. There was an optimum agreement of results between IFAT and MAT evidenced by a Kappa test of 0.86. These results validate these tests for the detection of T. gondii infection in pigs. IFAT and MAT despite methodologies with different characteristics and readings have similar accuracy in pig serum samples.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Colodel E.M., Driemeier D., Schmitz M., Germer M., Nascimento R.A.P., Assis R.A., Lobato F.C.F. & Uzal F.A. 2003. [Caprine enterotoxaemia in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.] Enterotoxemia em caprinos no Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(4):173-178. Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Depto Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Cx. Postal 15094, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. E-mail: moleta@terra.com.br Five outbreaks of caprine enterotoxaemia in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were studied. The animais were found dead or had a clinical course that usually lásted 2-3 hours. From two farms a clinical manifestation period of 12 hours was reported. Clinical signs were characterized by depression, marked abdominal discomfort, profuse watery diarrhea with fibrin clots, and death. Thirteen necropsies were performed and hydropericardium, hydrothorax and hydroperitoneum were commonly found. The mucosa and serosa of the colon were congested, and its contents was watery with multiple fibrin clots. Serosal hemorrhages and fibrin clots in the gallbladder were also seen. Fibrinous colitis and thyphilitis were the most frequent histological changes. Cerebral microangiopathy was observed in one case, which was characterized by acute perivascular proteinaceous edema around arterioles of the nucleus caudatus and thalamus. Large numbers of Gram-positive rods, of ten in clumps and with morphology consistent with Clostridium perfringens, were seen in intestinal smears. The intestinal contents of six goats were positive for epsilon toxin by mouse neutralization test. These findings suggest that enterotoxaemia is an important disease of goat flocks in southern Brazil.

• Goat enterotoxaemia Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin Enterotoxemia caprina toxina épsilon.

Abstract in Portuguese:

SINOPSE.- Colodel E.M., Driemeier D., Schmitz M., Germer M., Nascimento R.A.P., Assis R.A., Lobato F.C.F. & Uzal F.A. 2003. [Caprine enterotoxaemia in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.] Enterotoxemia em caprinos no Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(4):173-178. Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Depto Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Cx. Postal 15094, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. E-mail: moleta@terra.com.br São descritos surtos de enterotoxemia em caprinosem cinco propriedades no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os animais afetados eram, normalmente, encontrados mortos ou apresentavam evolução aguda de 2 a 3 horas com acentuada depressão, cólicas abdominais e diarréia profusa com fibrina. Em duas propriedades relataram-se casos com a evolução de até 12 horas. Em treze animais necropsiados observaram-se aumento de líquidos nas cavidades abdominal, torácica e pericárdica, congestão e hiperemia da serosa e mucosa do intestino, conteúdo do cólon líquido com fibrina além de hemorragias de serosa e fibrina. Em um animal constatou- se microangiopatia cerebral caracterizada por acúmulo de material homogêneo e eosinofilico no espaço perivascular. No conteúdo intestinal, colônias com bastonetes morfológica e bioquímicamente sugestivos de Clostridium pe,fringens foram caracterizadas no estudo bacteriológico. A soroneutralização em camundongos com conteúdo intestinal dos animais afetados, revelou a presença da toxina épsilon. Estes achados evidenciam a enterotoxemia como doença de importância para criação de caprinos no Rio Grande do Sul.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Viana J.H.M., Nascimento A.A., Pinheiro N.L., Ferreira A.M., Camargo L.S.A., Sá W.F. & Marques Júnior A.P. 2003. [Characterization of tissue damages after ovum pick-up in bovine.) Caracterização de seqüelas subseqüentes à punção folicular em bovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(3):119-124. Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330, Brazil. E-mail: jhmviana@cnpgl.embrapa.br The aim of this studywas to evaluate lesions of the genital tract in animais used as oocyte donors. Gir breed cows (n=20) used in different experiments involving the ovum pick-up technique were evaluated. At the end of each experimental period the animais were examined by rectal palpation, ultrasonography and vaginoscopy. A group of cows (n=8) were selected for histopathologic characterization of ovarian lesions. Ovaries were surgically removed, fixed and processed for histological examination. The cows evaluated underwent 9 to 42 puncture sessions, and yielded 10 to 719 oocytes. There was a low prevalence (5.26%) of inflammatory changes in the vagina mucosa. The occurrence of adherence was significantly correlated with the number of puncture sessions the animal underwent (r=0.31; P<0.05), but not with the total of oocytes collected (r=0.03; P>0.05). The opposite was observed reganding ovarian fibrosis, which showed a high correlation with oocyte yield (r=0.53; P<0.05). Histopathologic evaluation revealed scar tissue, inflammatory cell infiltration and presence of luteal tissue dispersed within the ovarian stroma.

• Adherence cattle fibrosis follicular ablation ovarian lesions Ablação folicular aderência fibrose lesões de ovário bovinos.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Viana J.H.M., Nascimento A.A., Pinheiro N.L., Ferreira A.M., Camargo L.S.A., Sá W.F. & Marques Júnior A.P. 2003. [Characterization of tissue damages after ovum pick-up in bovine.] Caracterização de seqüelas subseqüentes à punção folicular em bovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(3):119-124. Embrapa Gado de Leite, Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330, Brazil. E-mail: jhmviana@cnpgl.embrapa.br Objetivaram-se avaliar lesões no trato genital em animais utilizados como doadores de oócitos. Foram examinadas vacas da raça Gir (n=20) que participaram de diferentes experimentos envolvendo a técnica de punção folicular. Ao término de cada período experimental, os animais foram examinados por palpação retal, ultra-sonografia e vagi-noscopia. Um grupo de vacas (n=8) foi selecionado para a caracterização histopatológica das lesões ovarianas. Os ovários foram retirados cirurgicamente, fixados e processados, e as lâminas obtidas coradas e analisadas. Fóram avaliados animais submetidos a entre nove e 42 sessões de punção, e que produziram entre 10 e 719 oócitos. Observou-se uma baixa prevalência (5,26%) de processos inflamatórios na mucosa do fundo de saco vaginal. A ocorrência de aderências apresentou uma correlação positiva com o número de sessões de punção a que o animal foi submetido (r=0,31; P<0,05), mas não com o total de oócitos recuperados (r=0,03; P>0,05). Tendência oposta foi observada em relação à fibrose ovariana, que apresentou uma alta correlação com o número de oócitos recuperados (r=0,53; P<0,05). A avaliação histopatológica demonstrou a presença de tecido cicatricial, infiltrados de células inflamatórias e presença de tecido luteal disperso no estroma ovariano.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Loretti A.P., Oliveira L.O., Cruz C.E.F. & Driemeier D. 2002. Clinical and pathological study of an outbreak of obstructive urolithiasis in feedlot cattle in Southern Brazil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(1):61-64. Depto Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Cx. Postal 15094, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. E-mail: lorettiufrgsvet3@aol.com The epidemiology, clinical picture and pathology of an outbreak of urolithiasis in cattle in southern Brazil are described. The disease occurred in August 1999 in a feedlot beef cattle herd. Five out of 1,100 castrated steers were affected. Clinical sigos included colic and ventral abdominal distension. White, sand-grain-like mineral deposits precipitated on the preputial hairs. Affected cattle died spontaneously 24-48 hrs after the onset of the clinical signs. Only one animal recovered after perineal urethrostomy. Necropsy findings included calculi blocking the urethral lumen of the distal portion of the penile sigmoid flexure, urinary bladder rupture with leakage of urine into the abdominal cavity and secondary fibrinous peritonitis. Daily water intake was low since water sources were scarce and not readily available. The animais were fed rations high in grains and received limited amounts of roughage. Biochemical analysis revealed that the calculi were composed of ammonium phosphate. A calcium-phosphorus imbalance (0.4:0.6) was detected in the feedlot ration. For the outbreak, it is suggested that contributing factors to urolith formation include insufficient fiber ingestion, low water intake and high dietary leveis of phosphorus. No additional cases were observed in that feedlot after preventive measures were established. Similar dietary mismanagement in fattening steers has been associated with obstructive urolithiasis in feedlot beef cattle in other countries.

• Obstructive urolithiasis uroperitoneum cattle feedlot ammonium phosphate Southern Brazil Urolitíase obstrutiva uroperitônio bovinos confinamento fosfato amônio Região Sul do Brasil.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Loretti A.P., Oliveira L.O., Cruz C.E.F. & Driemeier D. 2002. Clinical and pathological study of an outbreak of obstructive urolithiasis in feedlot cattle in Southern Brazil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(1):61-64. [Estudo clínico e anatomopatológico de um surto de urolitíase obstrutiva em bovinos confinados na Região Sul do Brasil.] Depto Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Cx. Postal 15094, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. E-mail: lorettiufrgsvet3@aol.com Os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos de um surto de urolitíase obstrutiva em bovinos são descritos. A enfermidade ocorreu em agosto de 1999 em um rebanho de bovinos de corte confinados na Região Sul do Brasil. De um total de 1.100 novilhos castrados, cinco foram afetados. O quadro clínico consistia em cólica, distensão abdominal ventral e acúmulo de material esbranquiçado, arenoso, aderido aos pêlos da bainha prepucial. Os animais afetados morriam espontaneamente 2448h após o início dos sinais clínicos. Um animal se recuperou após uretrostomia perineal. Os achados de necropsia incluíam a presença de urólitos obstruindo a luz uretral na porção distal da flexura sigmóide peniana, ruptura da bexiga com extravasamento de urina para a cavidade abdominal e peritonite fibrinosa difusa. O consumo diário de água era pequeno devido à escassez e acesso limitado às fontes hídricas. Os novilhos recebiam alimentação rica em grãos e pobre em forragem. A análise química revelou que os cálculos urinários eram formados por fosfato e amônio. Um desequilíbrio na relação cálcio-fósforo (0,4:0,6) foi constatado através da análise da ração utilizada. No presente relato, sugere-se que os fatores associados com a formação de urólitos foram o fornecimento insuficiente de fibra, a ingestão limitada de água e os níveis elevados de fósforo da ração. Não foram observados mais casos da enfermidade após o estabelecimento de medidas para prevenir a ocorrência de urolitíase neste rebanho. De forma semelhante, erros de manejo na alimentação de bovinos confinados têm sido associados à ocorrência de urolitíase em outros países.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Marques A.P., Riet-Correa F., Soares M.P., Ortolani E.L. & Giuliodori M.J. 2003. (Sudden deaths in cattle associated with copper deficiency.] Mortes súbitas em bovinos associadas à carência de cobre. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(1):21-32. Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil. An outbreak of sudden death was observed in cattle in southern Brazil. No significant gross or microscopic lesions were found in 1 O cattle at post-mortem examination. To test if the sudden deaths were caused by a toxic plant, 13 weeds were collected and given to rabbits at a total of 440 to 600 g per kg body weight within 7 days. Results were negative. Mean copper levels of the tiver in 10 cattle were very low (3.6± 1.6 ppm-dry matter) suggesting Cu deficiency as the cause of the disease. Five samples of pasture collected during the outbreak had normal levels of Cu (8.4±0.8 ppm-d.m.) and S (0.2%±0.03-d.m.), but high levels of Fe (522± 122 ppm-d.m.). One group of 10 heifers was supplemented with Cu subcutaneously. This group and a similar control group were maintained in the sarne area where the outbreak occurred. Serum levels of Cu, S, Fe, Mo and ceruloplasmin were determined bimonthly in both groups during one year. Mean serum levels of Cu (1.76± 1.06 to 10.34±3.1 &#956;mol/1 for the control group and 3.86± 1.53 to 10.61 ± 1.34 &#956;mol/1 for the treated group) and ceruloplasmin (6.59±3.93 to 18.61±4.14 mg/1 for the control group and 10.31±5.48 to 32.49±6.05 mg/1 for the treated group) were significantly higher in the supplemented group (P=0.0046 for Cu and P=0.0001 for ceruloplasmin), but they were below normal levels in most samples of both groups. Serum levels of Cu and ceruloplasmin were correlated (r=0.67; P=00.5). ln both groups serum levels of Fe (40.09±5.25 to 78.48±28.23 &#956;mol/1) were higher than normal levels. Samples of forage were collected bimonthly for determination of Cu, Mo, S, Fe and protein in 7 points of the paddock where the outbreak occurred. Levels of Cu (1.36±0.56 to 4.76±1.15 ppm-d.m.) were below the normal ranges. The concentration of Mo (0.17±0.06 to 0.96±0.47 ppm-d.m.) was within normal ranges. Levels of S (0.21 ±0.04% to 0.5±0.17%) and Fe (172.92±62.64 to 437.24±205.44 ppm-d.m.) were occasionally within toxic level. Levels of protein varied from 7.77±2.6% to 13.16±3.02%. Six samples of water and six of submersed pastures were collected at the end of the experiment when the paddock was flooded. High levels of iron (169.23±83.49 ppm-d.m.) and S (0.06±0.03%) were found in the water. Levels of Fe and S in the submerse pasture were of 469.3±218.28 ppm and 0.19 ±0.05%, respectively. The results obtained suggest that the sudden deaths are due to Cu deficiency. Three factors seem to be responsible for the Cu deficiency: 1) high levels of iron in pastures and water; 2) occasionally low levels of copper in the pastures; and 3) the ingestion of S above the requirements due to the levels occasionally high in pastures and high in water. The outbreak reported is similar to other outbreaks of sudden deaths associated with low liver copper previously reported during winter in the sarne region of southern Brazil. This area is characterized by acid sandy soils with frequent flooding during this season. ln periodically flooded acid soils iron is solubilized and absorbed by the plants, decreasing the Cu content and increasing the Fe content of forage. This seems to be the main reason for Cu deficiency in the region.

• Cattle copper deficiency sudden death iron molibdenum sulfur Bovinos deficiência de cobre morte súbita ferro molibdênio enxofre

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Marques A.P., Riet-Correa F., Soares M.P., Ortolani E.L. & Giuliodori M.J. 2003. [Sudden deaths in cattle associated with copper deficiency.] Mortes súbitas em bovinos associadas à carência de cobre. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(1):21-32. Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Foi estudado um surto de morte súbita em bovinos no sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Nos animais necropsiados não foram observadas lesões macroscópicas ou microscópicas significativas. Para testar se as mortes súbitas teriam sido causadas por plantas tóxicas, 13 espécies de plantas foram coletadas e administradas a coelhos num total de 440 a 600g/kg de peso vivo num período de 7 dias. Os resultados foram negativos. Os teores de cobre no fígado dos bovinos foram muito baixos (3,6±1,6 ppm-base seca) sugerindo que as mortes foram causadas por deficiência de cobre. Cinco amostras de pasto, coletadas no local do surto, apresentaram teores normais de Cu (8,4±0,8 ppm-bs) e S (0,2%±0,03%-bs), mas altos teores de Fe (522±122 ppm-bs). Um grupo de 10 novilhas foi suplementado com Cu subcutâneo. Este grupo e um grupo controle foram mantidos em área similar à da ocorrência do surto. Teores séricos de Cu, S, Fe, Mo e ceruloplasmina foram determinados bimensalmente durante um ano de experimento. Os teores médios de Cu (1,76±1,06 a 10,34±3,1 &#956;mol/1 no grupo controle e 3,86± 1,53 a 10,61 ± 1,34 &#956;mol/1 para o grupo suplementado) e ceruloplamina (6,59±3,93 a 18,61 ±4,14 mg/1 para o grupo controle e 10,35±5,48 a 32,49±6,05 mg/1 para o grupo suplementado) foram significativamente maiores no grupo suplementado (P=0,0046 para o Cu e P=0,0001 para a ceruloplasmina), mas a maioria das amostras tiveram teores abaixo do normal em ambos os grupos. Houve uma correlação entre os teores de Cu e os de ceruloplasmina (r=0,67, P=0,05). Em ambos os grupos os teores séricos de Fe (40,09±5,22 a 78,48±28,23 &#956;mol/1) estiveram acima dos teores normais. Amostras de forragens foram coletadas bimensalmente em sete pontos do campo onde ocorreu o surto para determinação de Cu, Mo, S, Fe e proteína. Os teores de Cu (1,36±0,56 a 4,76±1,15 ppm-bs) estiveram abaixo dos requerimentos. Os teores de Mo (0,17±0,06 a 0,96±0,47 ppm-bs) estiveram dentro da normalidade. Valores de S (0,21 ±0,04% a 0,5±0, 17%) e Fe (172,92±62,64 a 437,24±205,44 ppm-bs) alcançaram, ocasionalmente, níveis tóxicos. Teores de proteína variaram de 7,77±2,6% a 13, 16±3,02%. Seis amostras de água e 6 amostras de pasto submerso foram coletadas no fim do experimento quando o campo estava inundado. Altos teores de Fe (169, 23±83,49 ppm) e S (0,06±0,03%) foram encontrados na água. Os teores de Fe e S no pasto submerso foram de 469,5±218,28 ppm e 0,19±0,05%, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que as mortes súbitas foram causadas por deficiência de Cu. Três fatores parecem ser responsáveis pela deficiência de Cu: 1) altos teores de Fe na pastagem e na água; 2) ocasionalmente baixos teores de Cu na pastagem; e 3) ingestão de S acima dos requerimentos, devido aos teores ocasionalmente altos na pastagem e na água. O surto descrito é similar a outros surtos de morte súbita em bovinos descritos no sul do Rio Grande do Sul durante o inverno, que foram, também, associados a baixos teores de cobre no fígado. As regiões onde ocorre a enfermidade são caracterizadas por solos arenosos e ácidos com inundações freqüentes durante o inverno. Em solos ácidos periodicamente inundáveis o ferro é solubilizado e absorvido pelas plantas, diminuindo o conteúdo de Cu na forragem e aumentando os teores de Fe. Esta parece ser a maior razão para a deficiência de cobre na região.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Colodel E.M., Driemeier D., Loretti A.P., Gimeno E.J., Traverso S.D., Seitz A.L. & Zlotowski P. 2002. [Clinical and pathological aspects of Sida carpinifolia poisoning in goats in Rio Grande do Sul.] Aspectos clínicos e patológicos da intoxicação por Sida carpinifolia (Malvaceae) em caprinos no Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 22(2):51-57. Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Depto Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Cx. Postal 15094, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. This report includes the clinical and pathological studies of a lysosomal storage disease which spontaneously occurred in three flocs of goats e after consumption of Sida carpinifolia, the predominant plant in the paddocks where the animals were grazing. In the outbreaks a total of 25 out of 51 animals were affected. Post-mortem examination was performed on 11 goats. The disease was experimentally induced by dosing goats with Sida carpinifolia. The plant was administered in natura or dried to 3 animals. No clinical or pathological changes were observed in one goat dosed with Sida rhombifolia ad libidum during 40 days. Clinical signs of the poisoning were ataxia, hypermetria, muscle tremors in the head and neck and disorders of deglutition. The clinical signs were exacerbated by movement. After the surviving animals had been moved to other pastures and stopped eating the plant, clinical signs were still observed during 24 months. At necropsy, no significant gross lesions were observed. Microscopic lesions included various degrees of vacuolization in the cytoplasm of neurons and glial cells. Similar lesions were observed in the acinar pancreatic cells, hepatocytes, proximal convoluted tubular cells, follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid gland and macrophages oflymph nodes. In the surviving animals, mild neuronal cytoplasmic vacuolization was observed, and few cells were eosinophilic and shrunken. In these cases neurons, especially Purkinje cells, had disappeared. Through the histochemical study of the cerebellar sections, the lysosomal storage disease was characterized as an alpha-mannosidosis. The vacuoles within the Purkinje cells strongly reacted with lectins of Concanavalia ensiformis, Triticum vulgaris and succinylated Triticum vulgaris. The pattern observed in this investigation is similar to those seen in other poisonings by swainsonine-containing plants.

• Sida carpinifolia Malvaceae lysosomal storage disease a-mannosidosis goats lectins doença de armazenamento lisossomal a-manosidose caprinos lectinas.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Colodel E.M., Driemeier D., Loretti A.P., Gimeno E.J., Traverso S.D., Seitz A.L. & Zlotowski P. 2002. [Clinical and pathological aspects of Sida carpinifolia poisoning in goats in Rio Grande do Sul.] Aspectos clínicos e patológicos da intoxicação por Sida carpinifolia (Malvaceae) em caprinos no Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 22(2):51-57. Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Depto Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Cx. Postal 15094, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. Este trabalho inclui os estudos clínicos e patológicos da doença de armazenamento lisossomal induzida pelo consumo espontâneo de Sida carpinifolia. A enfermidade foi observada em três rebanhos, que juntos eram compostos por 51 caprinos, dos quais, 25 foram afetados e 11 necropsiados. Nos três surtos, S. carpinifolia era a vegetação predominante nos piquetes ocupados pelos animais. Clinicamente, a doença caracterizou-se por distúrbios neurológicos que consistiam de ataxia, hipermetria, posturas anormais, tremores musculares afetando principalmente as regiões da cabeça e pescoço, dificuldade para ingestão de alimentos e quedas freqüentes. Estes sinais clínicos eram exacerbados pela movimentação. Em alguns animais, embora com um quadro clínico estabilizado, as alterações neurológicas persistiram durante 24 meses após sua retirada dos piquetes infestados por S. carpinifolia. A doença foi reproduzida administrando-se S. carpinifolia, in natura ou seca à sombra, para 3 caprinos. Um caprino recebeu Sida rhombifolia, ad libidum, por 40 dias e não desenvolveu alterações clínicas ou patológicas. Na necropsia não havia alterações. Microscopicamente, as principais alterações foram distensão e vacuolização citoplasmáticas em neurônios e, em menor intensidade, em células da glia do sistema nervoso central. Alterações similares foram observadas em células acinares pancreáticas, hepatócitos, células tubulares renais, células foliculares epiteliais da tireóide e macrófagos de órgãos linfóides. Nos animais que não mais ingeriam S. carpinifolia por períodos de um mês ou mais, observou-se uma diminuição da vacuolização citoplasmática de neurônios, que apresentavam citoplasma eosinofilico e aspecto enrugado. Nestes casos, notou-se também desaparecimento neuronal especialmente em células de Purkinje e gliose local. Em cortes cerebelares, esta doença de armazenamento foi caracterizada como ?-manosidose pelo estudo histoquímico por lectinas. Os vacúolos nas células de Purkinje reagiram fortemente com as lectinas Concanavalia ensiformis, Triticum vulgaris e Triticum vulgaris succinilado. O padrão obtido neste estudo é similar ao encontrado em intoxicação por plantas que apresentam swainsoniana como princípio tóxico.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT-. Reischak D., Ravazzolo A.P. & Moojen V. 2002. [lmmunofluorescence using Brazilian isolates for serological diagnosis of lentivirus infection in goats.] Imunofluorescência utilizando isolados brasileiros no diagnóstico soro lógico de infecção por lentivírus em caprinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 22(1):7-12. Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. E-mail: dilchak@hotmail.com Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) are distributed worldwide and cause persistente infections in sheep and goats. The purpose of this work was to develop an indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test using Brazilian SRLV isolates for serological diagnosis of infection in goats. The IFA test was compared in its sensitivity and specificity to the AGID test in which Maedi-Visna WLC-1 strain was used as antigen. Ovine synovial secondary cell cultures infected with two goat SRLV isolates (CAEV UFRGS/Br-2 and CAEV UFRGS/Br-5) were used for the IFA. Goat serum samples (n = 239) were tested by the two tests. The AGID test detected antibodies in 129 (53.9%) serum samples. A higher number of animals was considered positive for the IFA. However, different results were obtained depending on the isolate used for the antigen preparation. When CAEV UFRGS/Br-2 was used as antigen, 216 (90.3%) sérum samples tested positive, against 213 (89.1%) with CAEV UFRGS/Br-5. There was no significant statistical difference between the antigens prepared with these two isolates. The IFA had sensitivity of 94.6% and 96.9%, and specificity of 14.5 % and 20%, when CAEV UFRGS/Br-2 and CAEV UFRGS/Br-5 were used as antigens, respectively. These results demonstrate that the IFA with antigens prepared with Brazilian SRLV isolates may play an important a role as a complementary serological test for the diagnosis of infections by these agents.

• Small ruminant lentiviruses Brazilian isolates diagnosis indirect immunofluorescence immunodiffusion goats Lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes isolados brasileiros diagnóstico imunofluorescência indireta imunodifusão em gel de ágar caprinos.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Reischak D., Ravazzolo A.P. & Moojen V. 2002. [lmmunofluorescence using Brazilian isolates for serological diagnosis of lentivirus infection in goats.] Imunofluorescência utilizando isolados brasileiros no diagnóstico soro lógico de infecção por lentivírus em caprinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 22(1):7-12. Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. E-mail: dilchak@hotmail.com Os lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes (SRLV) têm distribuição mundial e causam infecções persistentes em ovinos e caprinos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um teste de imunofluorescência indireta (IFA), utilizando isolados brasileiros de SRLV, para o diagnóstico sorológico de infecção por estes agentes em caprinos. A técnica de IFA foi comparada, quanto à sensibilidade e à especificidade, ao teste de AGID com antígeno do vírus Maedi-Visna WLC-1. Cultivas celulares secundários de membrana sinovial ovina infectadas com dois isolados de SRLV de origem caprina (CAEV Br/UFRGS-2 e CAEV BiiUFRGS-5) foram utilizados para o teste de IFA. Duzentas e trinta e nove amostras de soro caprino foram submetidas aos dois testes. O teste de AGID detectou 129 (53.9%) amostras de soro caprino com anticorpos para SRLV. O teste de IFA detectou mais amostras reagentes, sendo que resultados diferentes foram observados de acordo com o isolado de SRLV empregado. Quando o isolado CAEV Br/UFRGS-2 foi utilizado corno antígeno, 216 (90.3%) amostras de soro caprino foram reagentes, enquanto que o isolado CAEVBr/UFRGS-5 detectou 213 (89.1%) amostras de soro positivas. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre esses dois isolados. O teste de IFA desenvolvido teve sensibilidade de 94.6% e 96.9% e especificidade 14.5% e 20%, quando os isolados CAEV Br/UFRGS-2 e CAEV Br/UFRGS-5 foram usados como antígeno, respectivamente. O aprimoramento da técnica, assim como sua comparação com um teste mais sensível, ainda se fazem necessários. No entanto, os resultados demonstraram que a técnica de IFA, utilizando isolados brasileiros de SRLV como antígeno, apresenta potencial como um teste alternativo e complementar para o diagnóstico sorológico de infecção por estes agentes.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Lima, L.G.F, Prado, A.P. & Perri, S.H.V. 2002. [Preferable localization and different infestation levels of the horn fly (Haematobia irritans) on Nelore bulls.] Localização preferencial e índices diferenciados de infestação da mosca-dos-chifres (Haematobia irritans) em bovinos da raça Nelore. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 22(1):25-32. Curso de Medicina Veterinária/DAPSA, Faculdade de Odontologia; Unesp-Araçatuba, Rua Clóvis Pestana 793, Araçatuba, SP 16050-680, Brazil. E-mail: gustalima@hotmail.com Many studies about Haematobia irritans have been made due to the damages and worries it causes to cattle breeding in many countries. The common name of the fly is related to its behavior. 1111 Europe and the United States of America it is named horn-fly because it stays right on the base of the horns in order to protect itself from low temperatures; in Latin America, however, it is known as "mosca-da-paleta" because of its preferred localization on the shoulder of cattle. Biological aspects of the bovines can lead to different levels of fly infestation in the herd. Mean numbers of flies on different anatomic regions and individual infestations were evaluated in 60 Nelore bulls with the sarne zootechnic features during 1998 in Araçatuba city, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Both sides of the animals were filmed, and the number of flies was recorded in cassette tapes. Fly counts and their delimitation on 15 anatomic regions were performed from film viewing. During rainy days a significant increase (p<0.05) in number of flies in the abdominal region was observed. Shoulders, forelegs, back and ribs showed the highest number of flies (p<0.05). The evaluation of individual infestation revealed less than 50 flies on 50% of the cattle, 50 to 100 flies on 38% and over 100 flies on 12% of them.

• Haematobia irritans horn fly Iocalization anatomic regions bovine sensitivity infestation mosca-dos-chifres localização regiões anatômicas bovinos sensibilidade infestação.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Lima, L.G.F, Prado, A.P. & Perri, S.H.V. 2002. [Preferable localization and different infestation levels of the horn fly (Haematobia irritans) on Nelore bulls.] Localização preferencial e índices diferenciados de infestação da mosca-dos-chifres (Haematobia irritans) em bovinos da raça Nelore. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 22(1):25-32. Curso de Medicina Veterinária/DAPSA, Faculdade de Odontologia; Unesp-Araçatuba, Rua Clóvis Pestana 793, Araçatuba, SP 16050-680, Brazil. E-mail: gustalima@hotmail.com Haematobia irritans tem causado muitos danos e preocupações na pecuária mundial, bem como despertado o interesse para diversos estudos a seu respeito. Seu nome está relacionado com o local de permanência nos bovinos. É conhecida como "horn fly" (mosca-dos-chifres) na Europa e nos Estados Unidos da América e mosca-da-paleta na América Latina. Os fatores biológicos podem produzir em bovinos de um único rebanho, diferentes níveis de infestação da mosca. Durante o ano de 1998 em Araçatuba, estado de São Paulo, foram avaliados o número médio de mosca por região anatômica; bem como os diferentes níveis de infestação em 60 bovinos da raça Nelore. Os bovinos foram filmados de ambos os lados do corpo para registrar o número de mosca em fitas cassetes. As fitas foram assistidas para a contagem e demarcação da mosca em 15 regiões anatômicas. O maior número de mosca (p<0,05) foi observado nas regiões escapular, interescapular e costal; nos períodos chuvosos observou-se um aumento significativo (p<0,05) na região ventral. As avaliações individuais, demonstraram infestação com menos de 50 moscas em 50% dos bovinos, 50 a 100 moscas em 38% e acima de 100 moscas em 12% dos bovinos.