Abstract in English:
Equine piroplasmosis is an apicomplexan hemoprotozoan-caused disease that affects equids worldwide. Horses that survive piroplasmosis can become asymptomatic carriers for the rest of their lives. The present study aimed to determine the frequency of piroplasms and to compare three different blood smear tests (jugular, peripheral, and splenic blood) to detect piroplasms in asymptomatic wandering horses seized by the “Secretaria de Estado da Agricultura, Abastecimento e Desenvolvimento Rural do Distrito Federal” (SEAGRI-DF), Midwest region of Brazil. Of the 100 horses evaluated, 38 were diagnosed positive for piroplasm (38%), with the etiological agents found at the jugular blood smear in 11% (11/100) of horses, peripheral blood smear in 13% (13/100), and splenic blood smear in 38% (38/100). Piroplasm-positive horses showed anemia, neutrophilia, and lymphopenia, but the hematological changes did not differ statistically between positive and negative horses. In summary, the stray horses evaluated showed a high incidence of piroplasm (38%). All positive horses presented one of the etiologic agents in the splenic blood, but some did not show the parasite in the jugular blood smear (27/38, 71%) or the peripheral blood smear (25/38, 65.8%). Thus, the splenic blood was shown to be the best sample to determine the presence of piroplasm in wandering horses. As it is a low-cost and easy-to-perform test, it can be included in the routine diagnosis of equine piroplasmosis, helping to monitor the prevalence of piroplasms in places where molecular techniques are not accessible.
Abstract in Portuguese:
A piroplasmose é uma doença causada por hemoprotozoários apicomplexos que afeta equídeos em todo o mundo. Equinos que sobrevivem à piroplasmose podem se tornar portadores assintomáticos pelo resto de suas vidas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a frequência de piroplasmas em equinos errantes apreendidos pela Secretaria de Estado da Agricultura, Abastecimento e Desenvolvimento Rural do Distrito Federal (SEAGRI-DF), região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, e comparar três diferentes exames diagnósticos de esfregaços sanguíneos: sangue jugular, periférico e esplênico. Dos 100 equinos avaliados, 38 foram diagnosticados positivos para piroplasmídeos, sendo o agente etiológico encontrado no esfregaço de sangue jugular em 11% (11/100), no esfregaço de sangue periférico em 13% (13/100) e no esfregaço de sangue esplênico em 38% (38/100) dos equinos. Os cavalos positivos apresentaram anemia, neutrofilia e linfopenia, mas as alterações hematológicas não apresentaram diferença estatística entre cavalos positivos e negativos. Em resumo, os equinos errantes avaliados apresentaram alta incidência de piroplasmídeos (38%). Todos os cavalos positivos apresentaram um dos agentes etiológicos no esfregaço sangue esplênico, mas alguns não apresentaram o parasita no esfregaço de sangue jugular (27/38, 71%) ou no esfregaço de sangue periférico (25/38, 65.8%). Assim, o sangue esplênico mostrou-se a melhor amostra para determinar a presença de piroplasmídeos em equinos errantes. Por ser um exame de baixo custo e fácil execução, pode ser incluído na rotina diagnóstica da piroplasmose equina, auxiliando no monitoramento da doença em locais onde as técnicas moleculares não são acessíveis.
Abstract in English:
ABSTRACT.- Barros M.R., Silveira W.D., Araújo J.M., Costa E.P., Oliveira A.A.F., Santos A.P.S.F., Silva V.A.S. & Mota R.A. 2012. [Antimicrobial resistance and plasmidial profile of Escherichia coli strain isolated from broilers and commercial layers in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil.] Resistência antimicrobiana e perfil plasmidial de Escherichia coli isolada de frangos de corte e poedeiras comerciais no estado de Pernambuco. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 32(5):405-410.Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Av. Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n, Recife, PE 52171-900, Brazil. E-mail: rinaldo.mota@hotmail.com
Although exist poultry non-pathogenic Escherichia coli strains, many others have capacity to impose serious damages to this birds, being able to cause different infectious diseases. Pathogenic strains are termed Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains. APEC strains harbor chromossomal and plasmid pathogenicity-related genes. The presence of resistance plasmids in avian E. coli strains could facilitate horizontal tranfer of virulence gene between pathogenic and non pathogenic strains. The aim of this paper was to determine the resistance level to 13 different antibacterial drugs of avian E. coli strains (35) isolated from commercial poultry of Pernambuco State, Brazil, and to correlate the detected resistance level to the presence of plasmids. The results show that 94.28% of strains were resistant to at least three different antibacterial drugs with the highest percentage to lincomycin. The Minimal Inibitory Concentration (MIC) showed that multi- resistance to various antibacterial drugs was present in these strains. Plasmids of several sizes, including plasmids of approximately 88Mda were detected in most of the studied strains. The results herein obtained suggest that the high resistance level observed could be due to the presence of plasmids, what could facilitate the transfer of pathogenicity related genes among pathogenic and non pathogenic strains; it is necessary to take a constant survey on the resistance level to antimicrobial drugs of avian E. coli strains to reach a better control of APEC strains and avoid transfer of pathogenicity related genes between strains.
Abstract in Portuguese:
RESUMO.- Barros M.R., Silveira W.D., Araújo J.M., Costa E.P., Oliveira A.A.F., Santos A.P.S.F., Silva V.A.S. & Mota R.A. 2012. [Antimicrobial resistance and plasmidial profile of Escherichia coli strain isolated from broilers and commercial layers in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil.] Resistência antimicrobiana e perfil plasmidial de Escherichia coli isolada de frangos de corte e poedeiras comerciais no estado de Pernambuco. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 32(5):405-410.Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Av. Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n, Recife, PE 52171-900, Brazil. E-mail: rinaldo.mota@hotmail.com
Embora existam linhagens de Escherichia coli não patogênicas para aves, muitas outras possuem a capacidade de causar sérios danos à saúde das mesmas, sendo capazes de ocasionar diferentes tipos de processos infecciosos. As linhagens patogênicas são denominadas Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), possuindo genes relacionados ao processo de patogênese em epissomos (plasmídios) ou no cromossomo. A presença de plasmídios, contendo genes de resistência a antibióticos em linhagens aviárias, patogênicas ou não, indicam a possibilidade de transferência gênica lateral entre diferentes tipos de linhagens facilitando também a transferência de genes de patogenicidade ou virulência. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade a antibióticos (13) de diferentes amostras (35) de E. coli isoladas de aves comerciais do Estado de Pernambuco apresentando, ou não, sinais clínicos de processos infecciosos e correlacionar esta resistência com a presença de plasmídios. Os testes utilizados demonstraram que 94,28% dos isolados foram resistentes a três ou mais antibióticos, com a lincomicina apresentando o maior percentual de resistência (100%). Na Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) observou-se multirresistência a vários antimicrobianos. A presença de plasmídios foi detecada em 80,0% (28/35) dos isolados, com 16 isolados apresentando plasmídios com peso molecular aproximado de 88 MDa. Também foi verificada a presença de linhagens apresentando plasmídios de vários tamanhos. Concluiu-se que isolados de E. coli resistentes a antimicrobianos utilizados na avicultura estão presentes no Estado de Pernambuco, tanto em frangos de corte quanto em poedeiras comerciais. A presença de plasmídios detectados na maioria dos isolados pode estar associada à resistência aos antimicrobianos e sugere a presença de possíveis genes relacionados à patogenicidade. Monitorar a resistência a antibióticos em bactérias isoladas de animais torna-se um fator determinante para eleição e êxito do tratamento, bem como a possibilidade de eliminação daquelas que possuem plasmídios para se evitar a transferência de genes relacionados à patogenicidade.
Abstract in English:
Lázaro N.S., Tibana A., Rodrigues D.P., Reis E.M.F., Quintaes B.R. & Hofer E. 2004. Antimicrobial resistance and R-plasmid in Salmonella spp from swine and abattoir environments. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(2):57-60. Depto Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Veterinária, UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: nslazaro@aol.com
Salmonella serovars isolated from swine are of particular interest not only because of the pathogenic potential for this animal species, but also due to its relevance with regard to public health. On basis of the profile of resistance to antimicrobials, 13 Salmonella strains were selected which belonged to the serovars Muenster (7), Derby (4), Typhimurium (1), and Braenderup (1). They were isolated from healthy swine as well as from the abattoir environment in the state of Rio de Janeiro. All strains of Salmonella were subjected to bacterial conjugation, and the E. coli K12 Nalr Lac+ F standard strain was used as receptor, with the purpose to verify the ability to transfer the resistance marks. Gene transfer phenomenon was detected in seven strains, and except Salmonella Typhimurium which transconjugated to Sm, Tc and Su, the remaining ones were characterized by transferring mark Su only. By plasmidial analysis of strains used and their respective transconjugants, 63 Kb plasmid was found, which was probably related to S. Typhimurium resistance.
Abstract in Portuguese:
Lázaro N.S., Tibana A., Rodrigues D.P., Reis E.M.F., Quintaes B.R. & Hofer E. 2004. Antimicrobial resistance and R-plasmid in Salmonella spp from swine and abattoir environments. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(2):57-60. Depto Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Veterinária, UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: nslazaro@aol.com
Salmonella serovars isolated from swine are of particular interest not only because of the pathogenic potential for this animal species, but also due to its relevance with regard to public health. On basis of the profile of resistance to antimicrobials, 13 Salmonella strains were selected which belonged to the serovars Muenster (7), Derby (4), Typhimurium (1), and Braenderup (1). They were isolated from healthy swine as well as from the abattoir environment in the state of Rio de Janeiro. All strains of Salmonella were subjected to bacterial conjugation, and the E. coli K12 Nalr Lac+ F standard strain was used as receptor, with the purpose to verify the ability to transfer the resistance marks. Gene transfer phenomenon was detected in seven strains, and except Salmonella Typhimurium which transconjugated to Sm, Tc and Su, the remaining ones were characterized by transferring mark Su only. By plasmidial analysis of strains used and their respective transconjugants, 63 Kb plasmid was found, which was probably related to S. Typhimurium resistance.
Abstract in English:
Lázaro N.S., Tibana A., Reis E.M.F., Rodrigues D.P., Quintaes B.R. & Hofer E. 2004. [Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and plasmid profile in Salmonella Muenster isolated from swine and abattoir environment, Brazil.] Padrão de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos e perfil plasmidial em Salmonella Muenster isoladas de suínos e do ambiente de abatedouros. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(2):65-70. Depto Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Inst.Veterinária, UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: nslazaro@aol.com
Thirty-eight strains of Salmonella Muenster, isolated from swine and the abattoir environment, in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from March 1991 to February 1992, were analyzed for the presence of plasmids. The strains were selected according to their profile regarding the antimicrobials: streptomycin, tetracycline, sulphonamide and sulfametoxazole-trimethoprim. Thirteen strains were resistant to one or several antimicrobials, 18 with intermediate degree and seven were sensitive. Plasmids varying in size from 1.2 Kb to 42 Kb were detected in 37 (97.36%) of the 38 samples, corresponding to 11 different profiles (P1- P11), varying from 1 to 6 plasmids per model. The number and plasmids diversity was greater than the resistance marks for strains. The plasmid of 2.85 Kb was the most frequent, being present in 83.78% of the 37 strains; only the one of 7.5 Kb was detected at the two slaughterhouses. There was no parallelism between resistance pattern and plasmidial profile, and a same antibiotype was found in several plasmidial profiles. The results of the present investigation, allowed us to conclude that the plasmid characterization is an useful and simple tool for the epidemiological typing of this sorovar.
Abstract in Portuguese:
Lázaro N.S., Tibana A., Reis E.M.F., Rodrigues D.P., Quintaes B.R. & Hofer E. 2004. [Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and plasmid profile in Salmonella Muenster isolated from swine and abattoir environment, Brazil.] Padrão de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos e perfil plasmidial em Salmonella Muenster isoladas de suínos e do ambiente de abatedouros. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(2):65-70. Depto Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Inst.Veterinária, UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: nslazaro@aol.com
Thirty-eight strains of Salmonella Muenster, isolated from swine and the abattoir environment, in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from March 1991 to February 1992, were analyzed for the presence of plasmids. The strains were selected according to their profile regarding the antimicrobials: streptomycin, tetracycline, sulphonamide and sulfametoxazole-trimethoprim. Thirteen strains were resistant to one or several antimicrobials, 18 with intermediate degree and seven were sensitive. Plasmids varying in size from 1.2 Kb to 42 Kb were detected in 37 (97.36%) of the 38 samples, corresponding to 11 different profiles (P1- P11), varying from 1 to 6 plasmids per model. The number and plasmids diversity was greater than the resistance marks for strains. The plasmid of 2.85 Kb was the most frequent, being present in 83.78% of the 37 strains; only the one of 7.5 Kb was detected at the two slaughterhouses. There was no parallelism between resistance pattern and plasmidial profile, and a same antibiotype was found in several plasmidial profiles. The results of the present investigation, allowed us to conclude that the plasmid characterization is an useful and simple tool for the epidemiological typing of this sorovar.