PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Lisbôa R.S., Guedes Júnior D.S., Silva F.J.M., Cunha N.C., Machado C.H. & Fonseca A.H. 2008. [Alterations in hematological parameters of Gallus gallus domesticus experimentally infected with Borrelia anserina.] Alterações nos parâmetros hematológicos de Gallus gallus domesticus experimentalmente infectados por Borrelia anserina. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(10):527-532. Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: raquellisboa@ufrrj.br Avian spirochaetosis is a cosmopolite acute septicemic disease of many avian species, caused by Borrelia anserina Sakharoff, 1891. The present study assesses the estimate of the hematological alterations of Gallus gallus domesticus experimentally infected with B. anserina by vector Argas (Persicargas) miniatus. Twenty-seven fowls of the species G. g. domesticus, 67 days old, were randomly allocated into three groups composed by nine animals each. One group was exposed to B. anserina infected ticks (Group 1), other one to ticks free of this agent (Group 2), and another group not exposed to ticks (Group 3). Blood smears of the fowls were taken daily, since the first day the fowls were exposed to the ticks, up to the 25th day after exposure (DAE). Blood samples were collected three days before exposure, and three, eight and 18 DAE, for hematologic tests. The examination of Group 1 smears revealed large number of spirochaetes. Group 2 and 3 blood smears were negative during the whole period under exam. In agreement with the hematological evaluation results, the fowls exposed to infected ticks showed a normocytic normochromic anemia in eight DAE, leucocytosis with heterophilia and monocytosis concomitant with the spirochaetemia. We concluded that B. anserina infection determined on fowls of Group 1 hematological alterations compatible with bacterial infection of moderate gravity, developing to self-cure, in the experimental conditions established in this study.

• Borrelia anserina Argas (Persicargas) miniatus avian hematology domestic fowls avian spirochaetosis

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Lisbôa R.S., Guedes Júnior D.S., Silva F.J.M., Cunha N.C., Machado C.H. & Fonseca A.H. 2008. [Alterations in hematological parameters of Gallus gallus domesticus experimentally infected with Borrelia anserina.] Alterações nos parâmetros hematológicos de Gallus gallus domesticus experimentalmente infectados por Borrelia anserina. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(10):527-532. Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: raquellisboa@ufrrj.br Avian spirochaetosis is a cosmopolite acute septicemic disease of many avian species, caused by Borrelia anserina Sakharoff, 1891. The present study assesses the estimate of the hematological alterations of Gallus gallus domesticus experimentally infected with B. anserina by vector Argas (Persicargas) miniatus. Twenty-seven fowls of the species G. g. domesticus, 67 days old, were randomly allocated into three groups composed by nine animals each. One group was exposed to B. anserina infected ticks (Group 1), other one to ticks free of this agent (Group 2), and another group not exposed to ticks (Group 3). Blood smears of the fowls were taken daily, since the first day the fowls were exposed to the ticks, up to the 25th day after exposure (DAE). Blood samples were collected three days before exposure, and three, eight and 18 DAE, for hematologic tests. The examination of Group 1 smears revealed large number of spirochaetes. Group 2 and 3 blood smears were negative during the whole period under exam. In agreement with the hematological evaluation results, the fowls exposed to infected ticks showed a normocytic normochromic anemia in eight DAE, leucocytosis with heterophilia and monocytosis concomitant with the spirochaetemia. We concluded that B. anserina infection determined on fowls of Group 1 hematological alterations compatible with bacterial infection of moderate gravity, developing to self-cure, in the experimental conditions established in this study.

Abstract in English:

Rodrigues A., Fighera R.A., Souza T.M., Schild A.L., Soares M.P., Milano J. & Barros C.S.L. 2005. [Outbreaks of trypanosomiasis in horses by Trypanosoma evansi in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: epidemiological, clinical, hematological, and pathological aspects.] Surtos de tripanossomíase por Trypanosoma evansi em eqüinos no Rio Grande do Sul: aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, hematológicos e patológicos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(4):239-249. Depto Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: claudioslbarros@uol.com.br Cases of trypanosomiasis by Trypanosoma evansi were diagnosed in horses in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between 2003 and 2004. In one stud farm (Farm A) with 125 horses, 52 died. Additionally, around 80 mares were sent to Farm A to be bred. Of those, 66 became ill and 56 died after being returned to their farms of origin. Twenty one horses clinically affected by the disease were observed. Clinical signs included loss of weight (despite voracious appetite), lethargy, incoordination and instability of hindlimbs, atrophy of the large muscles of the hindlimbs, muscle weakness and paleness of mucosae. Specimens of T. evansi were detected in the blood drawn from four affected horses. Normocytic normochromic anemia with PCVs ranging from 15 to 31%, leucocytosis due to lymphocytosis associated to large atypical lymphocytes was observed in several affected horses. High levels of antibodies against T. evansi were detected in the serum of six horses from Farm A. Eight horses presented encephalic neurological signs such as circling, ataxia, blindness, excitation, falls, listlessness, proprioception deficits and head tilt. One horse assumed a “dog-seating position”. Necropsy findings included muscle atrophy, enlargement and lymphoid hyperplasia of the spleen and lymphnodes, edema and softening of the white and grey matter of the brain. Histologically, an overwhelming necrotizing panencephalitis was observed in the seven horses with encephalic signs. This panencephalitis was characterized by marked edema, demyelination and necrosis and perivascular infiltrates of 6-10 layers of lymphocytes and plasm cells affecting both the white and gray matter. Several plasm cells in the inflammatory infiltrate contained numerous eosinophilic globules in their cytoplasm (Mott cells). Similar histological lesions were observed in the spinal cord of the horse with the “dog-seating position”. The brains of five horses with the encephalic signs were submitted to immunohistochemistry stain by the streptavidin-biotin technique. In all of those five brains moderate to abundant specimens of T. evansi in the perivascular spaces and neuropile were marked by the specific antibody. Epidemiological, clinical, hematological, and pathological aspects of equine trypanosomiasis caused by T. evansi are discussed.

• Trypanosomiasis Trypanosoma evansi infectious diseases encephalitis hematology pathology diseases of horses.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Rodrigues A., Fighera R.A., Souza T.M., Schild A.L., Soares M.P., Milano J. & Barros C.S.L. 2005. [Outbreaks of trypanosomiasis in horses by Trypanosoma evansi in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: epidemiological, clinical, hematological, and pathological aspects.] Surtos de tripanossomíase por Trypanosoma evansi em eqüinos no Rio Grande do Sul: aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, hematológicos e patológicos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(4):239-249. Depto Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: claudioslbarros@uol.com.br Cases of trypanosomiasis by Trypanosoma evansi were diagnosed in horses in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between 2003 and 2004. In one stud farm (Farm A) with 125 horses, 52 died. Additionally, around 80 mares were sent to Farm A to be bred. Of those, 66 became ill and 56 died after being returned to their farms of origin. Twenty one horses clinically affected by the disease were observed. Clinical signs included loss of weight (despite voracious appetite), lethargy, incoordination and instability of hindlimbs, atrophy of the large muscles of the hindlimbs, muscle weakness and paleness of mucosae. Specimens of T. evansi were detected in the blood drawn from four affected horses. Normocytic normochromic anemia with PCVs ranging from 15 to 31%, leucocytosis due to lymphocytosis associated to large atypical lymphocytes was observed in several affected horses. High levels of antibodies against T. evansi were detected in the serum of six horses from Farm A. Eight horses presented encephalic neurological signs such as circling, ataxia, blindness, excitation, falls, listlessness, proprioception deficits and head tilt. One horse assumed a “dog-seating position”. Necropsy findings included muscle atrophy, enlargement and lymphoid hyperplasia of the spleen and lymphnodes, edema and softening of the white and grey matter of the brain. Histologically, an overwhelming necrotizing panencephalitis was observed in the seven horses with encephalic signs. This panencephalitis was characterized by marked edema, demyelination and necrosis and perivascular infiltrates of 6-10 layers of lymphocytes and plasm cells affecting both the white and gray matter. Several plasm cells in the inflammatory infiltrate contained numerous eosinophilic globules in their cytoplasm (Mott cells). Similar histological lesions were observed in the spinal cord of the horse with the “dog-seating position”. The brains of five horses with the encephalic signs were submitted to immunohistochemistry stain by the streptavidin-biotin technique. In all of those five brains moderate to abundant specimens of T. evansi in the perivascular spaces and neuropile were marked by the specific antibody. Epidemiological, clinical, hematological, and pathological aspects of equine trypanosomiasis caused by T. evansi are discussed.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Schenk M.A.M., Mendonça C.L., Madruga C.R., Kohayagawa A. & Araújo F.R. 2001. [Clinical and laboratorial evaluation of Nellore cattle experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax] Avaliação clínico and laboratorial de bovinos nelore infectados experimentalmente com Trypanosoma vivax. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 21(4):157-161. Embrapa Gado de Corte, Cx. Postal 154, Campo Grande, MS 79002-970, Brazil. In arder to evaluate the clinical-laboratorial alterations, six Neil ore calves were inoculated with 107 Trypanosoma vivax isolated from Poconé region, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The animals were evaluated daily for rectal temperature, packed cell volume (PCV), parasitemia, antibody production, calor of mucous membranes, behavior and appetite. Blood and serum samples for biochemical evaluation for aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phbsphatase (AF), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), cholesterol, urea, creatinine, creatine kinase (CK), calcium, phosphorus and proteinogram were collected on days 4, 8, 12, 16, 23 and 30 post inoculation (DPI). During the following 6 months rectal temperature, PCV and parasitemia were evaluated weekly. T. vivax was evidenced from 1 DPI in all calves and persisted until day 30 in five of six animals. A remarkable decrease (p<0.05) of PCV mean value (25%) was observed on 10 DPI. The animals presented no alterations in their clinical or serum biochemical state during the trial. Seroconversion took place 6 and 8 DPI, and all the animals remained seropositive during the 30 days of experiment. In all the experimental animals the occurrence of T. vivax infection was verified, characterized by the increase of corporal temperature, presente of the blood protozoa and reduction of the globular volume, without altéations in the other variables analyzed. Nellore calves, when experimentally inoculated with T. vivax, are able to establish a balance between host-parasite relationship.

• Trypanosoma vivax calves hematology serum biochemistry proteinogram bezerros hematologia bioquímica sérica proteinograma.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Schenk M.A.M., Mendonça C.L., Madruga C.R., Kohayagawa A. & Araújo F.R. 2001. [Clinical and laboratorial evaluation of Nellore cattle experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax] Avaliação clínico and laboratorial de bovinos nelore infectados experimentalmente com Trypanosoma vivax. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 21(4):157-161. Embrapa Gado de Corte, Cx. Postal 154, Campo Grande, MS 79002-970, Brazil. Avaliaram-se as alterações clínico-laboratoriais de seis bezerros Nelore, de ambos os sexos, inoculados experimentalmente com 107 organismos viáveis de Trypanosoma vivax, isolados de bovinos da região de Poconé, Estado de Mato Grosso. Os animais foram observados diariamente, durante 30 dias, quanto aos parâmetros de temperatura retal, volume globular (VG), parasitemia, produção de anticorpos, coloração de mucosas, comportamento e apetite. Deteminaram-se os níveis séricos de aspartato aminotransferase (AST), fosfatase alcalina (FA), gama glutamiltransferase (GGT), creatina kinase (CK), colesterol, uréia, creatinina, cálcio, fósforo e o perfil eletroforético das proteínas séricas aos 4, 8, 12, 16, 23 e 30 dias pós-inoculação (DPI). Durante os 6 meses seguintes, os animais foram observados semanalmente, avaliando-se a temperatura retal, o VG e a parasitemia. T. vivax foi evidenciado a partir do terceiro e quarto DPI em todos os bezerros e persistiu até o 30º DPI em cinco dos seis animais em estudo. Ocorreu um decréscimo significativo (p<0,05) do valor médio do VG (25%) aos dez DPI. Os animais não apresentaram qualquer alteração no quadro clínico, bem como na avaliação da bioquímica sérica durante o período experimental. A soroconversão ocorreu aos 6 e 8 DPI, permanecendo todos os animais soropositivos nos 30 dias experimentais. Bovinos nelores jovens, infectados experimentalmente com T. vivax, foram capazes de estabelecer um equilíbrio na relação hospedeiro-parasita.

Abstract in English:

In arder to study laboratorial aspects of beef cow mortality, a syndrome popularly known as "doença da vaca caída", examens were made of blood, cerebrospinal fluid, serum, bone and liver samples from 32 naturally affected 4 to 9 year old cows, 27 belonging to the Nellore breed and5 were crossbred Nellore, all originating from farms located in municipalities near Botucatu, State of São Paulo. Laboratory determinations were analysed by descriptive statistics and included hematological values, total plasma protein, plasma fibrinogen, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and concentration measurements of serum calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, total protein, albumin, globulin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, gama-glutamyltransferase and creatine kinase activities, included bane ash percentage and concentrations of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, and also hepatic levels of copper, zinc, iron, manganese and cobalt. In addition, mouse bioassays and complement micro-fixation tests were performed to detect botulinum toxins in liver samples. The results indicated leukocytosis (13,3±3,9 x103/mm3) with neutrophilia (8,9±3,2 x103/mm3), hypocalcemia (7,8±1,7mg/dl), hypophosphatemia (3,6±1,6mg/dl), hypoalbuminemia (2,9±0,9g/cll), increased creatine kinase activity (691,0±829,7 UI/1), and reduced ash percentage (60,3±1,9%) and low phosphorus (17,2±0,4%) in bane. The other values were all within normal limits. The diagnosis of botulism, involving type C and D toxins, was confirmed as the cause of the mortality in the region of study, what is strongly consistent with the other laboratorial findings.

• Bovine epizootic botulism hematology serum biochemistty mineral deficiency

Abstract in Portuguese:

Com o objetivo de verificar alguns aspectos laboratoriais da mortalidade de vacas de corte, popularmente conhecida como "doença da vaca caída", estudaram-se amostras de sangue total, líquor, soro sanguíneo, osso e fígado colhidas de 32 fêmeas bovinas (27 da raça Nelore e 5 mestiças), entre 4 e 9 anos de idade, naturalmente acometidas e pertencentes a propriedades rurais localizadas em municípios próximos a Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo. Procederam-se as determinações e o estudo estatístico descritivo das variáveis: 1) hematológicas, de proteínas plasmáticas totais e fibrinogênio; 2) dos aspectos físicos, bioquímicos e celularidade no líquor; 3) de cálcio, fósforo, magnésio, sódio, potássio; cloretos, proteína total, albumina, globulina e atividades da fosfatase alcalina, aspartato aminotransferase, gama-glutamiltransferase e creatina quinase no soro sanguíneo; 4) de cinzas, cálcio, fósforo e magnésio no osso, e, 5) de cobre, zinco, ferro, manganês e cobalto no fígado, empregando-se as provas de inoculação em camundongos e de microfixação de complemento para a detecção da presença de toxinas botulínicas nas amostras de tecido hepático. Os resultados apontaramcomo alterações, leucocitose (13,3±3,9 x103/mm3) com neutrofilia (8,9±3,2 x103/mm3), hipocalcemia (7,8±1,7mg/ dl), hipofosfatemia (3,6±1,6mg/dl), hipoalbuminemia (2,9±0,9g/dl), elevação na atividade da creatina quinase (692,0±829,7 UI/1) e reduções na cinza (60,3±1,9%) e fósforo (17,2±0,4%) ósseos, como indicativos do estado carencial de fósforo, apresentando-se as demais variáveis dentro dos limites de variação considerados normais para a espécie. O diagnóstico de botullsmo, com envolvimento das toxinas C e D, foi confirmado como a causa da mortalidade investigada na área de abrangência do estudo, e encontra coerência com o conjunto de resultados.

• Bovino botulismo epizoótico hematologia bioquímica sérica deficiência mineral

Abstract in English:

Lymphocytosis caused by Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (EBL) has been known since the beginning of the century. For the clinical diagnosis of EBL "hematologic keys" have been largely used. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the hematologic condition of black and white holstein cows infected by the Bovine Leukosis Virus (BLV) giving special attention to lymphocytic morphology. Blood samples from 423 cows reacting to the Agar Gel Immunodiffusion Test (AGID) and from 374 non reacting cows were collected. No statistical differences in polymorphic nuclear leucocyte counts and monocyte counts between reacting and non reacting cows were found, but the AGID-reacting cows showed higher lymphocyte counts than the non AGID-reacting cows. When the morphology of the lymphocytes was analysed it was found that the monocytic cell counts and the double nucleus lymphocyte counts were higer in AGID-reagent animals.

• Bovine leukosis hematology atypical lymphocytes

Abstract in Portuguese:

Desde o início do século já era conhecido que os animais afetados pela Leucose Enzoótica dos Bovinos (LEB) apresentavam linfocitose. Esta alteração foi muito usada como recurso auxiliar no diagnóstico clínico da LEB através do emprego das chamadas "chaves leucométricas". O presente estudo procurou avaliar o perfil do quadro leucocitário de fêmeas bovinas da raça holandesa naturalmente infectadas pelo Vírus da Leucose Bovina (VLB) dando-se particular atenção à morfologia dos linfócitos. Para tanto, realizou-se o leucograma de 423 bovinos reagentes e 374 não reagentes à prova de Imunodifusão em Gel para a Leucose Bovina (IDLB). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que apenas os linfócitos apresentaram aumentos estatisticamente significantes nos animais reagentes à IDLB. No tocante ao aspecto morfológico dos linfócitos, conclui-se que os linfócitos monocitóides e os linfócitos com núcleo duplo apresentaram contagens significativamente maiores nos animais reagentes.

• Leucose bovina hematologia linfócitos atípicos