Resultado da pesquisa (24)

Termo utilizado na pesquisa hepatotoxic

#11 - Control of Senecio madagascariensis and Senecio brasiliensis by the use of sheep

Abstract in English:

In order to test different technics to control Senecio madagascariensis, three experiments were carried out. In the first, 40 sheep were placed in an area of four hectares for 90 days, with medium/high levels of infestation by the plant. The area after this period was desiccated with glyphosate (Roundup®) and seeded with Lotus corniculatus L., Trifolium repens, Medicago sativa and Festuca arundinacea Schreb. by direct seeding. After eight months, sheep returned to the area for another 90 days. The second experiment was conducted with 10 sheep grazing for 30 days and 60 days’ rest, in three areas of 0.5 hectares each, with low, medium and high levels of S. madagascariensis infestation. The third experiment was carried out using drying, plowing and cultivated pasture (legumes and grasses) for three consecutive times without the use of sheep in an area infested by the plant. For the control of S. brasiliensis and other species of the genus, a fourth experiment was performed on a farm with history of intoxication by Senecio spp. in cattle. Eighty-six sheep were used in an area of 90 hectares for a year. The results of these experiments demonstrated that sheep consume and decrease the amount of S. madagascariensis in infested areas. Furthermore, it also indicated that S. madagascariensis to be efficiently controlled requires continuous grazing with at least four sheep per hectare. Practices as drying the pastures with herbicides, tillage and pasture planting can help eliminate the plant in long-term plan. In areas with S. brasiliensis infestation mowing can be an effective practice, mainly due to the high size of the plant, since it facilitates consumption by sheep.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Com o objetivo de testar diferentes formas de controle de Senecio madagascariensis foram realizados três experimentos. No primeiro, 40 ovinos foram colocados em uma área de quatro hectares por 90 dias, com infestação média e alta por S. madagascariensis. A área após este período foi dessecada com glifosato (Roundup®) e semeada com Lotus corniculatus L. (cornichão), Trifolium repens (trevo branco), Medicago sativa (alfafa) e Festuca arundinacea Schreb. (festuca) por plantio direto. Os ovinos, após oito meses, retornaram a área por mais 90 dias. O segundo experimento foi realizado com 10 ovinos em pastejo por 30 dias com 60 dias de descanso em três áreas de 0,5 hectares cada uma, com infestação baixa, média e alta por S. madagascariensis. O terceiro experimento foi realizado utilizando-se dessecação, aração e plantio de pastagens (leguminosas e gramíneas) por três vezes consecutivas, sem utilização de ovinos em uma área invadida pela planta. Para o controle de S. brasiliensis e outras espécies do gênero, um quarto experimento foi realizado em uma propriedade rural com histórico de intoxicação por Senecio spp. em bovinos. Foram utilizados 86 ovinos, que permaneceram em uma área de 90 hectares durante um ano. Os resultados destes experimentos demonstraram que os ovinos consomem S. madagascariensis e diminuem a quantidade de planta em áreas infestadas. Por outro lado, evidenciou-se também que S. madagascariensis para ser controlado de forma eficiente necessita de pastejo contínuo com pelo menos quatro ovinos por ha. As práticas como dessecação com herbicidas, aração e plantio de pastagem podem auxiliar na eliminação da planta a longo prazo. Em áreas de infestação por S. brasiliensis a roçagem pode ser uma prática eficiente, principalmente pelo porte alto da planta, pois facilita o consumo pelos ovinos.


#12 - Natural poisoning by Senecio brasiliensis in horses, 37(4):313-318

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Panziera W., Bianchi R.M., Mazaro R.D., Giaretta P.R., Silva G.B., Silva D.R.P. & Fighera R.A. 2017. [Natural poisoning by Senecio brasiliensis in horses.] Intoxicação natural por Senecio brasiliensis em equinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37(4):313-318. Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil. E-mail: weldenpanziera@yahoo.com.br Poisoning due to plants of the genus Senecio is considered an important cause of death in livestock. Senecio brasiliensis is the most common species involved in spontaneous cases. This paper describes the epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of a natural outbreak of intoxication with Senecio brasiliensis affecting two out of eighteen horses in a farm. The cases occurred in the municipality of Sao Martinho da Serra, Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Brazil. A large amount of Senecio brasiliensis in its sprouting stage was found in the fields where the horses used to be kept. A four-year-old, Crioulo mare and a five-month-old, male, Crioulo foal were affected. The clinical course was acute in the mare, comprising three days and chronic in the foal, lasting for two months. The main clinical signs in both animals included apathy, anorexia, weight loss, dehydration and neurological signs. Moreover, subcutaneous edema was noted in the ventral abdomen and the mucous membranes were icteric in the mare and pale in the foal. The serum biochemistry in the foal showed hypoalbuminemia (2.1g/dL), increased activity of the serum alkaline phosphatase (434 U/L) and gamma glutamyl transferase (119 U/L). In the hemogram, a mild normocytic normochromic anemia was noted in the foal (Hct: 30%; MCV: 39.5 fL; MCH: 15.3pg). Necropsy findings observed in both horses included an enlarged, dark red and firm liver with extensive areas of hemorrhage and enhanced lobular pattern on cut surface. Histologically, the liver showed variable degrees of fibrosis, coagulative necrosis, biliary ducts hyperplasia, megalocytosis and cholestasis. In the brain, the astrocytes in the cerebrum were degenerated and similar to Alzheimer type II astrocytes. The diagnosis in this outbreak was established based on the epidemiology, clinical picture, gross and histologic findings. It is noteworthy that the coagulative necrosis, minimal fibrosis, and biliary duct hyperplasia observed in the mare are characteristic of a subacute presentation. On the other hand, the fibrosis that was more prominent in the foal characterizes a chronic hepatopathy.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Panziera W., Bianchi R.M., Mazaro R.D., Giaretta P.R., Silva G.B., Silva D.R.P. & Fighera R.A. 2017. [Natural poisoning by Senecio brasiliensis in horses.] Intoxicação natural por Senecio brasiliensis em equinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37(4):313-318. Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, RS 97105-900, Brazil. E-mail: weldenpanziera@yahoo.com.br ntoxicações por plantas do gênero Senecio representam uma importante causa de morte em animais de produção, sendo Senecio brasiliensis a espécie mais envolvida nos casos de intoxicação espontânea. Nesse trabalho, são descritos os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos de um surto de intoxicação natural por Senecio brasiliensis em equinos. Dois equinos, de um total de dezoito, foram afetados. Os casos ocorreram em uma propriedade rural no município de São Martinho da Serra, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Grande quantidade de exemplares de Senecio brasiliensis em estágio de brotação foi encontrada na área onde os equinos estavam. Os animais eram da raça Crioula, sendo uma égua com quatro anos e um potro com cinco meses. A égua apresentou evolução aguda da doença com duração de três dias e o potro evolução crônica de dois meses. As principais manifestações clínicas observadas em ambos os equinos incluíam apatia, anorexia, emagrecimento, desidratação e sinais neurológicos. Além disso, havia moderado edema subcutâneo na região ventral do abdômen e marcada icterícia nas mucosas ocular, oral e vulvar da égua e palidez das mucosas no potro. Na avaliação bioquímica do potro, havia acentuado aumento da atividade sérica da gamaglutamil transferase (119 U/L), aumento da fosfatase alcalina (434 U/L) e hipoalbuminemia (2,1g/dL). No hemograma do mesmo, observou-se leve anemia normocítica e normocrômica (30% de hematócrito; VCM: 39,5 fL; HCM: 15,3pg). As alterações presentes em ambas as necropsias foram observadas principalmente no fígado, que estava difusamente aumentado de tamanho, escuro e firme. Na superfície de corte, observaram-se acentuação do padrão lobular e hemorragia. Histologicamente, no fígado dos equinos, havia graus variados de necrose coagulativa, hemorragia, fibrose, proliferação de ductos biliares, hepatomegalocitose e bilestase. Nas diferentes seções analisadas do encéfalo, havia alterações astrocitárias restritas à substância cinzenta, predominantemente, no córtex telencefálico. Os astrócitos degenerados eram similares aos astrócitos de Alzheimer tipo II. O diagnóstico da intoxicação nesses casos foi baseado na epidemiologia, no quadro clínico, nas lesões de necropsia e nos achados histopatológicos. Cabe ressaltar que a necrose de coagulação e a discreta fibrose e proliferação de ductos biliares observados na égua, constituiu uma apresentação subaguda da intoxicação, enquanto que a fibrose, mais predominante no potro, caracterizou uma hepatopatia crônica.


#13 - Senecio brasiliensis poisoning in calves: pattern and evolution of hepatic lesions

Abstract in English:

Poisoning by Senecio spp. plants are an important cause of death in cattle in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It is estimated that over 50% of deaths caused by toxic plants are due to the ingestion of Senecio spp. The epidemiological, clinical and anatomopathological aspects of a spontaneous outbreak of Senecio brasiliensis in calves are described here. Characterization and evolution of liver lesions during the outbreak are also described. Two hundred and six 4-month-old female calves were weaned and placed in a 25-hectare pasture heavily infested by S. brasiliensis at of varying growth stages. The calves remained in this pasture for three months and were later transferred to another area where six calves aged 7-8- month-old developed clinical signs including unthriftiness, diarrhea, and subcutaneous dependent edema in the submandibular region. All these six affected calves died within 15 days from the onset of clinical signs and one of those was necropsied. Grossly the first of three patterns of hepatic lesions described in this report was observed and it was characterized by an enlarged liver, with round borders and an orange hue to the capsular and cut surfaces. Histologically there was marked diffuse vacuolar hepatocellular degeneration, bilestasis, hepatocellular megalocytosis, and mild bile duct proliferation and periportal fibrosis. Two months after the onset of the outbreak, in another visit to the farm, it was observed that an additional 28 calves got sick and 14 died. Affected calves observed in this second on-site visit were 9-10 month-old and their main clinical sign was photosensitization characterized by varying degrees of photophobia, tearing from the eyes, marked drooling, mucopurulent ocular discharge, increased nasal secretion, and ventral diphtheric glossitis. Two of the fourteen calves that died were necropsied and displayed the second pattern of hepatic lesions observed in the outbreak. Liver had smooth and whitish capsular surfaces and a moderate decrease in size. There was moderate irregularity to the cut surface of hepatic parenchyma and pale areas intercalated with red ones. Histologically there was marked periportal fibrosis, marked bile duct proliferation, hepatocellular megalocytosis, focal areas of hepatocellular necrosis, and hemorrhage and veno-occlusive changes. In this second on-site visit, GGT serum activity was determined in 15 affected calves and 13 of them had increased values (26-175 U/L). Seven months after the onset of the outbreak, a third visit was made to the farm when was learned that and additional 27 calves have been affected, 23 of which died within a period of 40 days. At the necropsy of three of these calves the third pattern of hepatic lesions were observed. The liver was decreased in size and markedly firm. The capsular surface was smooth and whitish and the capsular surface was diffusely tan. Histological lesions similar to those observed in the second pattern were seen in in the liver of these three calves. A fourth on-site visit to the farm was made and a liver biopsy was performed in each of the 163 calves remaining in the herd and hepatic lesions characteristic of Senecio poisoning were observed in the liver biopsy of 103 of them. Affected calves were classified in groups according to the severity and morphologic aspects of the observed hepatic lesions. The diagnosis of Senecio poisoning in calves of this study was based on epidemiology, clinical and anatomopathological findings associated with the history of consumption of the plant, and on the chronological development of the lesions.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Intoxicações por plantas do gênero Senecio representam uma importante causa de morte em bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul e estima-se que mais de 50% das mortes causadas por plantas tóxicas devem-se à intoxicação por Senecio spp. Nesse trabalho, são descritos os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos de um surto de intoxicação natural por Senecio brasiliensis em bezerros e a caracterização e evolução das lesões hepáticas durante o surto. Um lote com 206 bovinos, fêmeas, sem raça definida, foi desmamado com aproximadamente quatro meses de idade e soltos em campo nativo com 25 hectares, contendo grande quantidade de Senecio brasiliensis em diferentes estágios. Os bovinos permaneceram nesse campo durante três meses e posteriormente foram transferidos para outra área. Na nova área, seis bezerras, com idades entre sete a oito meses, começaram a apresentar sinais clínicos de emagrecimento, fraqueza, diarreia e edema subcutâneo de declive na região submandibular. Os seis bovinos morreram em um período de 15 dias e um deles foi necropsiado. Macroscopicamente, foi visualizado o primeiro dos três padrões distintos de lesão hepática dos bovinos desse surto, que se caracterizava por um fígado aumentado de tamanho, com os bordos arredondados e com superfície capsular e de corte alaranjada. Histologicamente havia acentuada degeneração vacuolar hepatocelular difusa, bilestase, megalocitose e leve proliferação de ductos biliares e fibrose periportal. Dois meses após o início do surto, constatou-se que em um período de 20 dias adoeceram mais 28 bezerras e, dessas, 14 morreram. Os bovinos acometidos nessa segunda visita tinham idades entre nove a 10 meses. O principal sinal clínico observado foi fotossensibilização, e incluía graus variados de fotofobia, lacrimejamento, salivação excessiva, descarga ocular mucopurulenta, secreção nasal e glossite diftérica ventral. Das 14 bezerras mortas, realizou-se a necropsia de duas delas, sendo visualizado o segundo padrão de lesão hepática nesse surto (Padrão 2). Os fígados estavam com a superfície capsular lisa e esbranquiçada e moderadamente diminuídos de tamanho. Ao corte observou-se leve irregularidade do parênquima e áreas mais claras intercaladas com áreas avermelhadas. O aspecto histológico incluía acentuada fibrose periportal, marcada proliferação de ductos biliares, megalocitose, áreas multifocais de necrose de hepatócitos, hemorragia e lesões veno-oclusivas. A atividade sérica da GGT foi avaliada em 15 bovinos afetados nessa segunda visita à propriedade. Desses, 13 bezerras testadas apresentaram alterações nos valores, que variaram de 26-175 U/L. Em uma terceira visita à propriedade, sete meses após o início do surto, mais 27 bezerras adoeceram em um período de 40 dias e, dessas, 23 morreram, sendo três submetidas à necropsia. Evidenciou-se o terceiro padrão de lesão hepática. O fígado dos três bovinos estava diminuído de tamanho e acentuadamente firme. A superfície capsular era lisa e esbranquiçada, e a superfície de corte apresentava-se difusamente acastanhada. Lesões histológicas semelhantes ao segundo padrão foram também constatadas no fígado dessas três bezerras. Na quarta visita à propriedade, realizaram-se biópsias hepáticas nos 163 bovinos restantes do lote. Lesões hepáticas características da intoxicação estavam presentes em 103 dos 163 bovinos submetidos à biopsia hepática. Os bovinos afetados foram classificados em grupos de acordo com a severidade e os aspectos morfológicos observados. O diagnóstico de intoxicação nos bovinos desse estudo baseou-se nos achados epidemiológicos, clínicos e anatomopatológicos, associados ao histórico do consumo da planta e evolução das lesões.


#14 - Sawfly larval poisoning in cattle: Report on new outbreaks and brief review of the literature

Abstract in English:

Sawfly larval poisoning (SLP) is an acute hepatotoxicosis documented in livestock in Australia, Denmark and in countries of South America. It is caused by the ingestion of the larval stage of insects of the suborder Symphyta, order Hymenoptera, commonly known as “sawfly”. Three species of sawfly are reportedly involved in the toxicosis. The insect involved in Australian SLP is Lophyrotoma interrupta (Pergidae), in Denmark the cause of SLP is the ingestion of the larvae Arge pullata (Argidae), and in South American countries documented outbreaks of SLP were caused by the ingestion of yet another sawfly, Perreyia flavipes (Pergidae). In all geographical areas where it occurred, SLP causes important livestock losses. In cattle, as well as in other affected species, the disease has a short clinical course and in many outbreaks affected cattle can be found dead. When observed, clinical signs include apathy, recumbence, tremors, paddling movements and death in 24-48 hours. Neurological signs such aggressiveness attributable to hepatic encephalopathy are also observed. In cases with a more protracted course icterus and photodermatitis may develop. Gross findings included ascites, petechiae and ecchymosis over serosal surfaces of thoracic and abdominal cavities, and an enlarged liver that displays accentuation of the lobular pattern and edema of the gall bladder wall. Sawfly larval body fragments and heads are consistently found in the fore stomachs and occasionally abomasum of affected cattle. Main microscopic lesions are restricted to the liver and consist of centrolobular (periacinar) to massive hepatocellular necrosis. In most lobules necrotic areas extended up to the portal triads where only a few viable hepatocytes remain. Mild to moderate lymphocyte necrosis is seen in lymphatic tissues. Cases occur in the winter months when the larval stages of the sawfly are developing. D-amino acid-containing peptides have been found to be the toxic principle in each sawfly involved in SLP. The octapeptide lophyrotomin is the major toxin in the in the larvae of Australian and Danish sawflies and is present in small amounts in the larvae of South American sawfly. The heptadecapeptide pergidin is the main toxin in the South American sawfly while small amounts of pergidin have been found in the other two species of toxic sawfly. During the winter of 2011 (July-August) four outbreaks of SLP were diagnosed in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The findings in those outbreaks are reported here and a brief review of the literature regarding SLP around the world is provided.

Abstract in Portuguese:

A intoxicação por larvas de mosca serra (ILMS) é uma hepatotoxicose aguda documentada em animais de fazenda na Austrália, Dinamarca e em países da América do Sul. É causada pela ingestão de larvas de insetos da subordem Symphyta, ordem Hymenoptera, conhecidos popularmente como mosca serra. Três espécies de moscas serra são relatadas como envolvidas na intoxicação. O inseto envolvido na ILMS australiana é Lophyrotoma interrupta (Pergidae); na Dinamarca a causa da ILMS é a ingestão de larvas de Arge pullata (Argidae) e nos países de América do Sul a ingestão de larvas de ainda outra espécie de mosca serra, Perreyia flavipes (Pergidae), é a causa de ILMS. Em todas essas áreas geográficas, a ILMS causa importantes perdas na pecuária. Em bovinos, como nas outras espécies afetadas, a doença tem um curso clínico breve e em muitos surtos os bovinos afetados podem ser encontrados mortos. Quando observados, os sinais clínicos incluem apatia, decúbito, tremores, movimentos de pedalagem e morte em 24-48 horas. Sinais neurológicos como agressividade, atribuídos à encefalopatia hepática, são também observados. Em casos com curso clínico mais protraído, pode ocorrer icterícia e fotodermatite. Achados de necropsia incluem ascite, petéquias e equimoses em superfícies serosas das cavidades torácica e abdominal e um fígado aumentado de volume e com acentuação do padrão lobular, e edema da parede da vesícula biliar. Em todas as necropsias de bovinos afetados, fragmentos do corpo e cabeças de larvas são encontrados nos pré-estômagos e, ocasionalmente, no abomaso. As principais lesões microscópicas são restritas ao fígado e consistem de necrose hepatocelular centrolobular (periacinar) a massiva. Na maioria dos lóbulos as áreas de necrose estendem-se até as tríades portais onde apenas algumas lâminas de hepatócitos viáveis permanecem. Leve a moderada necrose de linfócitos é observada nos tecidos linfáticos. Os surtos de ILMS ocorrem nos meses de inverno quando os estágios larvais estão em desenvolvimento. Peptídeos que contêm D-aminoácidos constituem os princípios tóxicos de cada uma das moscas serra envolvidas na ILMS. O octapeptídeo lofirotomina é a principal toxina nas larvas das moscas serra australianas e dinamarquesas e também ocorre em pequenas quantidades nas larvas da mosca serra sul-americana. O heptadecapeptídeo pergidina é a principal toxina das larvas da mosca serra sul-americana, enquanto que pequenas quantidades de pergidina foram encontradas nas outras duas espécies tóxicas de mosca serra. Durante o inverno de 2011 (Julho-Agosto) quatro surtos de ILMS foram diagnosticados no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os achados desses surtos são relatados aqui e é feita uma breve revisão da literatura sobre ILMS ao redor do mundo.


#15 - Poisoning by Trema micrantha (Ulmaceae) in goats in the State of Santa Catarina, 30(3):191-194

Abstract in English:

RESUMO.- Gava A., Lucioli J., Furlan F.H., Leal M.B. & Traverso S.D. 2010. [Poisoning by Trema micrantha (Ulmaceae) in goats in the State of Santa Catarina.] Intoxicação por Trema micrantha (Ulmaceae) em caprinos no Estado de Santa Catarina. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30(3):191-194. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil. E-mail: a2sdt@cav.udesc.br Vinte e cinco caprinos, criados em piquetes, morreram nos cinco dias subsequentes ao fornecimento de folhas de Trema micrantha (fam.Ulmaceae), uma árvore com nome comum de grandiúva. Quatro caprinos foram necropsiados e amostras de vísceras foram coletadas para exame histológico. As principais alterações clínicas foram: apatia, anorexia, cabeça apoiada contra obstáculos, decúbito e morte. Achados macroscópicos incluíram sufusões no epicárdio e endocárdio; fígado levemente amarelado e com padrão lobular evidente e, em um caso, acompanhado de hemorragias multifocais. Na histologia observou-se necrose hepática, que variava de centrolobular a massiva, compatível com hepatopatia tóxica. No SNC havia satelitose, tumefação neuronal, edema periaxonal, perivascular. O diagnóstico de intoxicação por Trema micrantha foi baseado no quadro clínico e lesional de hepatite tóxica associado ao uso da planta para alimentação de caprinos.

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Gava A., Lucioli J., Furlan F.H., Leal M.B. & Traverso S.D. 2010. [Poisoning by Trema micrantha (Ulmaceae) in goats in the State of Santa Catarina.] Intoxicação por Trema micrantha (Ulmaceae) em caprinos no Estado de Santa Catarina. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 30(3):191-194. Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, SC 88520-000, Brazil. E-mail: a2sdt@cav.udesc.br Twenty five goats, maintained in paddocks, had died in five subsequent days after have been offered leaves, mixed in the ration, of Trema micrantha, a tree commonly called grandiúva. Four animals were necropsied and samples were collected for histopathology. Clinical signs included apathy, anorexia, head pressing against obstacles, decubitus and death. Macroscopic findings included suffusions in the epi- and endocardium, a yellowish liver with pronounced lobular pattern, in one goat, the liver presented additionally multiple visible hemorrhages. Histological examination revealed centrilobular to massive hepatic necrosis consistent with acute liver toxicosis. In the brain, satelitosis, neuronal swelling, and perineuronal and perivascular edema was found. The diagnosis of poisoning by Trema micrantha was based in the clinical picture characteristic of toxic hepatitis associated in the feeding of the plant to the goats.


#16 - Intoxicação aguda e abortos em cobaias pelas favas de Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Leg. Mimosoideae), p.593-596

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Bonel-Raposo J., Riet-Correa F., Guim T.N., Schuch I.D., Grecco F.G. & Fernandes C.G. 2007. [Acute poisoning and abortions in guinea pigs by the pods of Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Leg. Mimosoideae).] Intoxicação aguda e abortos em cobaias pelas favas de Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Leg. Mimosoideae). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(12):593-596. Departamento de Patologia Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário s/n, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil. E-mail: bonel-raposo@brturbo.com.br The objective was to study the acute toxicity and the abortive properties of Enterolobium contortisiliquum pods in guinea pigs. Pods of E. contortisiliquum were administered orally to 4 groups of 3 guinea pigs each. Another group of 3 guinea-pigs was used as control. Group 1 and 2 were fed with one dose of 5 and 10g of pods for kg body weight, respectively. The guinea pigs of Group 3 and 4 received 10 and 15g/kg, respectively, divided into daily doses of 5g/kg. One guinea pig from Group 2 and one from Group 4 died 12 and 18 hours after the end of the administration. Gross lesions were hemorrhages of the stomach and of the large and small gut, enlarged liver, and dilated gall bladder. Histologically, the liver had severe vacuolation and necrosis of periportal hepatocytes. In another experiment a ration containing 4% of pods of E. contortisiliquum was fed to 2 groups of 4 guinea-pigs, 35 days after mating. Four of the 8 guinea pigs aborted 6-15 days after the beginning of ingestion. The other 4 guinea pigs were not pregnant. All guinea pigs were euthanized after abortion or at the end of the experiment. Histologically all animals had mild to severe periportal hemorrhagic necrosis. All fetuses had variable degree of autolysis. In 4 fetuses studied no significant histologic lesions were observed. The acute lesions observed in guinea-pigs are similar than those observed in the spontaneous poisoning by Enterolobium spp. in cattle. Similar lesions are observed in guinea-pigs poisoned experimentally with saponins from E. gummiferum. The results of the experiments in pregnant guinea pigs suggest that E. contortisiliquum can be used to study the abortive effect of its pods or its toxic compounds.

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Bonel-Raposo J., Riet-Correa F., Guim T.N., Schuch I.D., Grecco F.G. & Fernandes C.G. 2007. [Acute poisoning and abortions in guinea pigs by the pods of Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Leg. Mimosoideae).] Intoxicação aguda e abortos em cobaias pelas favas de Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Leg. Mimosoideae). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(12):593-596. Departamento de Patologia Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário s/n, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil. E-mail: bonel-raposo@brturbo.com.br The objective was to study the acute toxicity and the abortive properties of Enterolobium contortisiliquum pods in guinea pigs. Pods of E. contortisiliquum were administered orally to 4 groups of 3 guinea pigs each. Another group of 3 guinea-pigs was used as control. Group 1 and 2 were fed with one dose of 5 and 10g of pods for kg body weight, respectively. The guinea pigs of Group 3 and 4 received 10 and 15g/kg, respectively, divided into daily doses of 5g/kg. One guinea pig from Group 2 and one from Group 4 died 12 and 18 hours after the end of the administration. Gross lesions were hemorrhages of the stomach and of the large and small gut, enlarged liver, and dilated gall bladder. Histologically, the liver had severe vacuolation and necrosis of periportal hepatocytes. In another experiment a ration containing 4% of pods of E. contortisiliquum was fed to 2 groups of 4 guinea-pigs, 35 days after mating. Four of the 8 guinea pigs aborted 6-15 days after the beginning of ingestion. The other 4 guinea pigs were not pregnant. All guinea pigs were euthanized after abortion or at the end of the experiment. Histologically all animals had mild to severe periportal hemorrhagic necrosis. All fetuses had variable degree of autolysis. In 4 fetuses studied no significant histologic lesions were observed. The acute lesions observed in guinea-pigs are similar than those observed in the spontaneous poisoning by Enterolobium spp. in cattle. Similar lesions are observed in guinea-pigs poisoned experimentally with saponins from E. gummiferum. The results of the experiments in pregnant guinea pigs suggest that E. contortisiliquum can be used to study the abortive effect of its pods or its toxic compounds.


#17 - Patogênese, sinais clínicos e patologia das doenças causadas por plantas hepatotóxicas em ruminantes e eqüinos no Brasil, p.1-14

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Santos J.C.A., Riet-Correa F., Simões S.V.D. & Barros C.S.L. 2008. [Pathogenesis, clinical signs and pathology of diseases caused by hepatotoxic plants in ruminants and horses in Brazil.] Patogênese, sinais clínicos e patologia das doenças causadas por plantas hepatotóxicas em ruminantes e eqüinos no Brasil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(1):1-14. Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, PB 58700-000, Brazil. E-mail: franklin.riet@pq.cnpq.br Plants causing hepatic lesions in ruminants and horses constitute one important group of poisonous plants in Brazil. These plants can be placed in three major groups: plants causing acute liver necrosis; plants causing liver fibrosis; and plants causing hepatogenous photosensitization. For some of these plants the toxic principles are known. Cestrum parqui and Xanthium cavanillesi that cause acute liver necrosis contain carboxy-atractylosides. Senecio spp., Crotalaria spp., and Echium plantagineum that cause liver fibrosis contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids. As for the group of plants causing hepatogenous photosensibilization, Myoporum spp. contain furanosesquiterpenes, Lantana spp contain triterpenes, and Brachiaria spp. and Panicum spp. contain steroidal saponins. The clinical and pathologic features of the toxicosis caused by these phytotoxins, general mechanisms of production for the production of the clinical signs and the methods for diagnosis of hepatic failure in farm animals are reviewed.

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Santos J.C.A., Riet-Correa F., Simões S.V.D. & Barros C.S.L. 2008. [Pathogenesis, clinical signs and pathology of diseases caused by hepatotoxic plants in ruminants and horses in Brazil.] Patogênese, sinais clínicos e patologia das doenças causadas por plantas hepatotóxicas em ruminantes e eqüinos no Brasil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(1):1-14. Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos, PB 58700-000, Brazil. E-mail: franklin.riet@pq.cnpq.br Plants causing hepatic lesions in ruminants and horses constitute one important group of poisonous plants in Brazil. These plants can be placed in three major groups: plants causing acute liver necrosis; plants causing liver fibrosis; and plants causing hepatogenous photosensitization. For some of these plants the toxic principles are known. Cestrum parqui and Xanthium cavanillesi that cause acute liver necrosis contain carboxy-atractylosides. Senecio spp., Crotalaria spp., and Echium plantagineum that cause liver fibrosis contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids. As for the group of plants causing hepatogenous photosensibilization, Myoporum spp. contain furanosesquiterpenes, Lantana spp contain triterpenes, and Brachiaria spp. and Panicum spp. contain steroidal saponins. The clinical and pathologic features of the toxicosis caused by these phytotoxins, general mechanisms of production for the production of the clinical signs and the methods for diagnosis of hepatic failure in farm animals are reviewed.


#18 - Surto de aflatoxicose em suínos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul

Abstract in English:

Zlotowski P., Corrêa A. M. R., Rozza D. B., Driemeier D., Mallmann C. A. & Migliavacca F.A. 2004. [Swine aflatoxicosis outbreak in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.] Surto de aflatoxicose em suínos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(4):207-210. Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Depto Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veteri-nária, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Cx. Postal 15094, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. E-mail: davetpat@vortex.ufrgs.br An outbreak of aflatoxicosis in a swine herd, which occurred in fall 2004 in the county of Sentinela do Sul, RS, is described. The corn, which contained the micotoxin and has been used to feed the animals, was produced and processed on the farm. Seven sows and 8 growing pigs died, and 2 cases of abortion were reported. The clinical signs observed were apathy, anorexia, icterus, yellowish urine stained with blood, and photosensitization. Gamma glutamyltransferase and total bilirubin were elevated in the 4 pigs on which post-mortem examination was done. The main macroscopic findings were generalized icterus, an orange-yellow liver, edema of the gall bladder wall and yellowish effusion in the abdominal and pericardial cavities. The most important microscopic changes were found in the liver and included tumefaction, degeneration and individual necrosis of the parenchyme, with ductal proliferation and cholestasis. The diagnosis was based on the clinical signs, macroscopic and histological findings and on the high levels of B1 aflatoxin found in the corn and ration.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Zlotowski P., Corrêa A. M. R., Rozza D. B., Driemeier D., Mallmann C. A. & Migliavacca F.A. 2004. [Swine aflatoxicosis outbreak in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.] Surto de aflatoxicose em suínos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(4):207-210. Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Depto Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veteri-nária, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Cx. Postal 15094, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. E-mail: davetpat@vortex.ufrgs.br An outbreak of aflatoxicosis in a swine herd, which occurred in fall 2004 in the county of Sentinela do Sul, RS, is described. The corn, which contained the micotoxin and has been used to feed the animals, was produced and processed on the farm. Seven sows and 8 growing pigs died, and 2 cases of abortion were reported. The clinical signs observed were apathy, anorexia, icterus, yellowish urine stained with blood, and photosensitization. Gamma glutamyltransferase and total bilirubin were elevated in the 4 pigs on which post-mortem examination was done. The main macroscopic findings were generalized icterus, an orange-yellow liver, edema of the gall bladder wall and yellowish effusion in the abdominal and pericardial cavities. The most important microscopic changes were found in the liver and included tumefaction, degeneration and individual necrosis of the parenchyme, with ductal proliferation and cholestasis. The diagnosis was based on the clinical signs, macroscopic and histological findings and on the high levels of B1 aflatoxin found in the corn and ration.


#19 - Experimental poisoning by the burs of Xanthium cavanillesii (Asteraceae) in sheep, 19(2):71-78

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Loretti A.P., Bezerra P.S., Ilha M.R.S., Barros S.S. & Barros C.S.L. 1999. [Experimental poisoning by the burs of Xanthium cavanillesii (Asteraceae) in sheep.] Intoxicação experimental pelos frutos de Xanthium cavanillesii (Asteraceae) em ovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 19(2):71-78. Depto Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Cx. Postal 15094, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. The ground burs of Xanthium cavanillesii (Asteraceae) were force fed to 15 adult sheep in single doses or divided in two doses. Nine sheep died. Doses of 2 g/kg and above were lethal for the sheep. A single dose of 1,25 g/kg and a total of 2,5 g/kg divided in two administrations of 1,25 g/kg consecutive daily doses did not cause the toxicosis. Clinical signs were observed only in the animals that died and occurred between 5 hours and 20 hours after the beginning of the administration of the burs. The toxicosis had a peracute (90 minutes to 3 hours) to acute (9 to 13 hours) course. Clinical signs included apathy, anorexia, decreased rate and intensity of ruminai movements, generalized muscle tremors, stiff and incoordinated gait, unwillingness to move, instability, falls and recumbency. Most affected sheep presented seromucous nasal discharge with labored breathing. In terminal stages, there were trismus, drooling of saliva, convulsive seizures, nystagmus, paddling movements, periods of apnea and death. Main necropsy findings included accentuation of the lobular pattern of the liver, focal hemorrhages on thé capsular and cut surfaces, distension accompanied by edema and hemorrhages of the gall bladder wall, ascites, hydrotorax, and translucent and gelatinous perirenal edema. The contents of the cecum and proximal loop of the ascending colon were dry, impacted and covered by mucos and streaks of clotted blood; there were disseminated petechiae and suffusions. The main histopathological change consisted of marked coagulative hepatocellular necrosis, which varied from centrilobular to massive, associated with congestion and hemorrhages. In the remaining of the hepatic lobule there was either swelling or vacuolation of the hepatocytes.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Loretti A.P., Bezerra P.S., Ilha M.R.S., Barros S.S. & Barros C.S.L. 1999. [Experimental poisoning by the burs of Xanthium cavanillesii (Asteraceae) in sheep.] Intoxicação experimental pelos frutos de Xanthium cavanillesii (Asteraceae) em ovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 19(2):71-78. Depto Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Cx. Postal 15094, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. Os frutos moídos de Xanthium cavanillesii foram administrados por via oral, em doses únicas ou fracionadas, a 15 ovinos adultos. Nove ovinos morreram. Doses a partir de 2 g/kg em uma única administração foram letais para os ovinos. Doses únicas de 1,25 g/kg e doses de 2,5 g/kg subdivididas em duas administrações diárias (1,25 g/kg em dois dias consecutivos) não causaram a intoxicação. Sinais clínicos foram observados apenas nos animais que morreram. Iniciavam entre 5 horas e 20 horas após o início da administração dos frutos. A evolução do quadro clínico foi superaguda (90 minutos a 3 horas) ou aguda (9 a 13 horas). Sinais clínicos incluíam apatia, anorexia, hipomotilidade ruminai, tremores musculares generalizados, incoordenação motora, andar rígido, relutância em caminhar, instabilidade, quedas e decúbito. Muitos animais apresentavam corrimento nasal seromucoso que dificultava a respiração. Nas fases terminais havia tiques, sialorréia, convulsões, nistagmo, movimentos de pedalagem e períodos de apnéia seguidos de morte. Os principais achados de necropsia incluíam acentuação do padrão lobular do fígado acompanhada de petéquias distribuídas aleatoriamente na superfície capsular e de corte, distensão da vesícula biliar associada a edema e hemorragias na parede, ascite, hidrotórax, edema gelatinoso e translúcido da região perirrenal, conteúdo do ceco e alça proximal do cólon ascendente ressequido, compactado, recoberto por muco e estrias de sangue coagulado. Havia petéquias e sufusões disseminadas. A principal lesão microscópica consistia em acentuada necrose coagulativa hepatocelular centrolobular ou massiva acompanhada de congestão e hemorragia e vacuolização ou tumefação dos hepatócitos remanescentes.


#20 - Spontaneous poisoning by the burs of Xanthium cavanillesii (Asteraceae) in cattle in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, 19(1):12-18

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Driemeier D., Irigoyen L.F., Loretti A.P., Colodel E.M. & Barros C.S.L. 1999. [Spontaneous poisoning by the burs of Xanthium cavanillesii (Asteraceae) in cattle in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil.] Intoxicação espontânea pelos frutos de Xanthium cavanillesii em bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 19(1):12-18. Depto Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Cx. Postal 15094, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. Two outbreaks of Xanthium cavanillesii poisoning in feedlot cattle in the counties of Casca and Cachoeira do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, are described. The disease occurred on two farms in late April and mid August 1996. On one farm, 17 heifers out of 310 cattle died. On the other, 11 out of 83 yearling calves died. Clinical sigos included depression, anorexia, progressive dehydration, sunken eyes, tenesmus and slight rectal prolapse, muscle tremors, incoordination of gait, blindness, aggressivity and recumbency. Blindness was presente in the terminal stages prior to death that occurred within 3 to 24 hours after the onset of the clinical signs. Necropsy findings included accentuation of the lobular pattern of the liver with pinpoint hemorrhages on capsular and cut surfaces; perirenal edema, hydropericardium, and translucent and gelatinous edema of the gall bladder wall, mesentery, abomasal ligaments and folds. The feces were scant, dry and formed balis coated by mucus and streaks of clotted blood. There were widespread petechiae, ecchymoses and suffusions. Burs of X. cavanillesii were found mixed with the solid and dried contents of the rumen and reticulum. The main histopathological findings were marked centrilobular coagulative hepatocellular necrosis associated with congestion and hemorrhages, surrounded or not by a narrow rim of markedly swollen and vesicular hepatocytes. The animals were being fed with whole or milled leftovers from soybean crops contaminated with large amounts of burs of X. cavanillesii. Deaths stopped after the feeding with the soybean leftovers was discountinued. The diagnosis was based on epidemiological data, clinical sigos, necropsy findings, histological lesions and experimental reproduction of the toxicosis in cattle and sheep. The morphology and pathogenesis of the hepatic lesion and the clinical and pathological aspects of the toxicosis are discussed and compared with other reports of Xanthium spp poisoning and other acute hepatotoxicoses in cattle.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Driemeier D., Irigoyen L.F., Loretti A.P., Colodel E.M. & Barros C.S.L. 1999. [Spontaneous poisoning by the burs of Xanthium cavanillesii (Asteraceae) in cattle in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil.] Intoxicação espontânea pelos frutos de Xanthium cavanillesii em bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 19(1):12-18. Depto Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Cx. Postal 15094, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. Descreve-se a ocorrência de dois surtos de intoxicação espontânea de bovinos pelos frutos de Xanthium cavanillesii em dois estabelecimentos dos municípios de Casca e Cachoeira do Sul, RS, no final de abril e meados de agosto de 1996. Em um dos estabelecimentos, morreram 17 novilhas de um total de 310 bovinos e no outro, morreram 11 de um total de 83 terneiros de 12 a 18 meses de idade. O curso clínico variou de 3 a 24 horas e caracterizou-se por apatia, anorexia, desidratação progressiva, retração dos globos oculares, tenesmo associado a discreto prolapso retal, tremores musculares, incoordenação motora, agressividade, decúbito, cegueira na fase terminal, e morte. As principais lesões macroscópicas nos animais necropsiados incluíam fígado com acentuação do padrão lobular e hemorragias puntiformes na superfície capsular e de corte; hidropericárdio, edema gelatinoso e translúcido na parede da vesícula biliar, no mesentério, nos ligamentos e dobras do abomaso e na região perirrenal; fezes ressequidas, em pequena quantidade, sob a forma de esferas e recobertas por muco e estrias de sangue coagulado; petéquias, equimoses e sufusões disseminadas em diferentes tecidos e órgãos; e frutos de X. cavanillesii misturados a conteúdo firme e ressecado do rúmen e do retículo. A principal lesão microscópica consistia em acentuada necrose coagulativa hepatocelular centrolobular associada à congestão e hemorragias, circundadas ou não por uma estreita faixa de hepatócitos marcadamente tumefeitos e vesiculares. Nas propriedades, os bovinos confinados eram alimentados com resíduo de lavoura de soja, inteiro ou moído, contaminado acidentalmente por grande quantidade de frutos de X. cavanillesii. Após a retirada do resíduo da suplementação alimentar desses animais, as mortes cessaram. O diagnóstico baseou-se em dados epidemiológicos, clínicos, de necropsia e histopatológicos e na reprodução experimental da enfermidade em bovinos e ovinos. A morfologia e a patogenia da lesão hepática e o quadro clínico-patológico observados são discutidos e comparados com outros relatos de intoxicação por Xanthium spp descritos na literatura e com outras hepatotoxicoses agudas em bovinos.


Colégio Brasileiro de Patologia Animal SciELO Brasil CAPES CNPQ UNB UFRRJ CFMV