PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA

Abstract in English:

Langohr I.M., Gava A. & Barros C.S.L. 2005. [Poisoning in cattle by Baccharidastrum triplinervium (Asteraceae).] Intoxicação por Baccharidastrum triplinervium (Asteraceae) em bovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(4):235-238. Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, 406 South University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, Estados Unidos. E-mail: ilangohr@purdue.edu An outbreak of poisoning by Baccharidastrum triplinervium in cattle from Paraná, Brazil, is described. The disease occurred during a severe drought in early summer. The onset of clinical signs was two days after 50 cows and 8 heifers had been introduced into a pasture with high density of B. triplinervium that showed signs of having been consumed by the animals. Fifteen animals (9 cows and 6 heifers) got sick. Of these 15, two cows and four heifers died after a clinical course of 12-60 hours. Clinical signs included depression, ruminal atony, moderate bloat, marked dehydration, mild diarrhea and anorexia. The animals were restless, laying down and getting up constantly, remaining progressively longer periods in sternal recumbency. Once in that position, the animals had an extended head or the head turned to one of the sides of the body, and were groaning. Additionally, the cows had an abrupt fall in milk yield. The remaining affected cattle presented milder clinical signs and were partially back to their feed on the day following the onset of the clinical signs. The milk production was back to normal values within one week. The main gross lesions observed in two necropsied cows were in the forestomachs and abomasum, consisting of edema of the ruminal wall, as well as of diffuse reddening of the mucosae of the rumen, reticulum, abomasum and of some of the omasal folds. The main histological lesions included multifocal ballooning degeneration and necrosis of the lining epithelium of the rumen, associated with neutrophilic infiltrate. The diagnosis was based on the epidemiological data and on the experimental reproduction of the disease by force-feeding 3 bovine with the aeral fresh parts (20 and 30g/kg) of B. triplinervium. Chemical analysis of dried material from B. triplinervium harvested at the site of the outbreak was negative for macrocyclic trichothecenes.

• Poisonous plants Baccharidastrum triplinervium Asteraceae plant poisoning diseases of cattle pathology.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Langohr I.M., Gava A. & Barros C.S.L. 2005. [Poisoning in cattle by Baccharidastrum triplinervium (Asteraceae).] Intoxicação por Baccharidastrum triplinervium (Asteraceae) em bovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(4):235-238. Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, 406 South University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, Estados Unidos. E-mail: ilangohr@purdue.edu An outbreak of poisoning by Baccharidastrum triplinervium in cattle from Paraná, Brazil, is described. The disease occurred during a severe drought in early summer. The onset of clinical signs was two days after 50 cows and 8 heifers had been introduced into a pasture with high density of B. triplinervium that showed signs of having been consumed by the animals. Fifteen animals (9 cows and 6 heifers) got sick. Of these 15, two cows and four heifers died after a clinical course of 12-60 hours. Clinical signs included depression, ruminal atony, moderate bloat, marked dehydration, mild diarrhea and anorexia. The animals were restless, laying down and getting up constantly, remaining progressively longer periods in sternal recumbency. Once in that position, the animals had an extended head or the head turned to one of the sides of the body, and were groaning. Additionally, the cows had an abrupt fall in milk yield. The remaining affected cattle presented milder clinical signs and were partially back to their feed on the day following the onset of the clinical signs. The milk production was back to normal values within one week. The main gross lesions observed in two necropsied cows were in the forestomachs and abomasum, consisting of edema of the ruminal wall, as well as of diffuse reddening of the mucosae of the rumen, reticulum, abomasum and of some of the omasal folds. The main histological lesions included multifocal ballooning degeneration and necrosis of the lining epithelium of the rumen, associated with neutrophilic infiltrate. The diagnosis was based on the epidemiological data and on the experimental reproduction of the disease by force-feeding 3 bovine with the aeral fresh parts (20 and 30g/kg) of B. triplinervium. Chemical analysis of dried material from B. triplinervium harvested at the site of the outbreak was negative for macrocyclic trichothecenes.

Abstract in English:

Rissi D.R., Rech R.R., Fighera R.A., Cagnini D.Q., Kommers G.D. & Barros C.S.L. 2005. [Spontaneous Baccharis coridifolia poisoning in cattle.] Intoxicação espontânea por Baccharis coridifolia em bovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(2):111-114. Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: claudioslbarros@uol.com.br Two outbreaks of Baccharis coridifolia poisoning in cattle in southern Brazil are described. Cases occurred when stressed, hungry and thirsty cattle brought from pastures free of B. coridifolia were placed into pastures heavily infested by this poisonous plant. In the two outbreaks morbidity was 21.73% and 22.51% and lethality was virtually 100%. Clinical signs included mild bloat, instability of hind limbs, muscle tremors, dry muzzle, dry feces or diarrhea, polydipsia and restlessness. Consistent necropsy findings included dehydration, large amounts of ruminal fluid, reddening and erosions of the mucosae of the forestomachs. Degeneration and necrosis of the lining epithelium of the forestomachs and of lymphoid tissue were the main histopathological changes encountered.

• Poisonous plants Baccharis coridifolia Asteraceae diseases of cattle pathology.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Rissi D.R., Rech R.R., Fighera R.A., Cagnini D.Q., Kommers G.D. & Barros C.S.L. 2005. [Spontaneous Baccharis coridifolia poisoning in cattle.] Intoxicação espontânea por Baccharis coridifolia em bovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(2):111-114. Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: claudioslbarros@uol.com.br Two outbreaks of Baccharis coridifolia poisoning in cattle in southern Brazil are described. Cases occurred when stressed, hungry and thirsty cattle brought from pastures free of B. coridifolia were placed into pastures heavily infested by this poisonous plant. In the two outbreaks morbidity was 21.73% and 22.51% and lethality was virtually 100%. Clinical signs included mild bloat, instability of hind limbs, muscle tremors, dry muzzle, dry feces or diarrhea, polydipsia and restlessness. Consistent necropsy findings included dehydration, large amounts of ruminal fluid, reddening and erosions of the mucosae of the forestomachs. Degeneration and necrosis of the lining epithelium of the forestomachs and of lymphoid tissue were the main histopathological changes encountered.

Abstract in English:

Karam F.S.C., Soares M.P., Haraguchi M., Riet-Correa F., Méndez M.C. & Jarenkow J.A. 2004. [Epidemiological aspects of seneciosis in southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.] Aspectos epidemiológicos da seneciose na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(4):191-198. Laboratório de Toxicologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, URCAMP, Bagé, RS 96400-110, Brazil. E-mail: fernando@alternet.com.br Seneciosis is the main cause of livestock mortality due to poisonous plants in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This paper presents epidemiological data of 24 outbreaks in cattle and one in horses, diagnosed by the Regional Diagnostic Laboratory at Pelotas University in southern Rio Grande do Sul, from 1998 to 2000. Additionally, data of 54 outbreaks which occurred in 1978-1997 were analyzed. The farms where outbreaks occurred in 1998-2000 were visited to obtain clinical and epidemiological data and to verify the presence of Senecio spp. Eleven outbreaks (45.83%) affected cattle up to 3 years of age, and 13 (54.16%) cattle over 3 years. Nine (37.5%) outbreaks affected females and 15 (62.5%) males. Ten (41.66%) outbreaks occurred in spring, 4 (16.66%) in summer, 5 (20.83%) in autumn, and 5 (20.83%) in winter. Morbidity rate was estimated with 4.92% and case fatality with 95.59%. The predomionating Senecio species were S. brasiliensis on 12 farms (57.14%), S. selloi on 10 (47.61%), S. oxyphyllus on 6 (28.57%), S. heterotrichius on 3 (14.28%), and S. leptolobus on 1 farm (4.76%). The main clinical signs were progressive emaciation, incoordination, diarrhea, tenesmus, rectal prolapse and aggressiveness. The clinical manifestation periods of affected cattle observed during the farm visits, or of cattle sent for post-mortem examination,were 24-96 hours in 4 outbreaks (16.66%), 4-7 days in 7 (29.16%), 1-2 weeks in 4 (16.66%), 2-3 weeks in 2 (8.33%), 1-2 months in 2 (8.33%), and 2-3 months in 1 outbreak (4.16%). In 4 outbreaks (16.66%) the clinical manifestation period was not established. In outbreaks with longer clinical manifestation periods some animals showed photosensitization. The main necropsy findings were a hard and enlarged liver, distended gall bladder, edema of the mesenterium and abomasum, and increased amount of liquid in the cavities. Histopathological findings were fibroplasia, megalocytosis and biliary ductal proliferation of the liver, and spongy degeneration of the cerebral white matter. Samples of different Senecio species, in different seasons, were analyzed for detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) by thin layer chromatography. Retrorsine was found in Senecio brasiliensis, S. heterotrichius, S. selloi and S. oxyphyllus. In S. brasiliensis and S. heterotrichius one and two more non-identified PAs were detected, respectively. The total PAs concentration by spectrophotometric method was 0.25% for S. brasiliensis, 0.19% for S. heterotrichius, 0.03% for S. oxyphyllus, and 0.03% for S. selloi. The highest PAs concentration occurred in winter (June/July). No alkaloids were found in samples of S. leptolobus. These results show that S. brasiliensis is the most important cause of seneciosis in southern Rio Grande do Sul. Additional data obtained dealt with 54 outbreaks of PAs poisoning in 1978-1997. During this period, 7 outbreaks (12.96%) affected cattle up to 3 years of age, 39 (72.22%) cattle over 3 years, and 3 outbreaks (5.55%) affected cattle of different ages. In 5 outbreaks (9.25%) the age was not informed. Seven outbreaks (12.96%) affected males, 39 (72.22%) females, 3 (5.55%) both sexes, and in 5 outbreaks (9.25%) the sex was not informed. Twenty-three outbreaks (42.59%) occurred in spring, 9 (16.66%) in summer, 9 (16.66%) in autumn, and 13 (24.07%) in winter. The greater number of outbreaks during 1998-2000 (24 outbreaks in 3 years) in regard to 1978-1997 (54 outbreaks in 20 years) is probably due to a decrease of more than 50% in the number of sheep in the region.

• Seneciosis epidemiology poisonous plants Senecio spp Asteraceae pyrrolizidine alkaloids cattle.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Karam F.S.C., Soares M.P., Haraguchi M., Riet-Correa F., Méndez M.C. & Jarenkow J.A. 2004. [Epidemiological aspects of seneciosis in southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.] Aspectos epidemiológicos da seneciose na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(4):191-198. Laboratório de Toxicologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, URCAMP, Bagé, RS 96400-110, Brazil. E-mail: fernando@alternet.com.br Seneciosis is the main cause of livestock mortality due to poisonous plants in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. This paper presents epidemiological data of 24 outbreaks in cattle and one in horses, diagnosed by the Regional Diagnostic Laboratory at Pelotas University in southern Rio Grande do Sul, from 1998 to 2000. Additionally, data of 54 outbreaks which occurred in 1978-1997 were analyzed. The farms where outbreaks occurred in 1998-2000 were visited to obtain clinical and epidemiological data and to verify the presence of Senecio spp. Eleven outbreaks (45.83%) affected cattle up to 3 years of age, and 13 (54.16%) cattle over 3 years. Nine (37.5%) outbreaks affected females and 15 (62.5%) males. Ten (41.66%) outbreaks occurred in spring, 4 (16.66%) in summer, 5 (20.83%) in autumn, and 5 (20.83%) in winter. Morbidity rate was estimated with 4.92% and case fatality with 95.59%. The predomionating Senecio species were S. brasiliensis on 12 farms (57.14%), S. selloi on 10 (47.61%), S. oxyphyllus on 6 (28.57%), S. heterotrichius on 3 (14.28%), and S. leptolobus on 1 farm (4.76%). The main clinical signs were progressive emaciation, incoordination, diarrhea, tenesmus, rectal prolapse and aggressiveness. The clinical manifestation periods of affected cattle observed during the farm visits, or of cattle sent for post-mortem examination,were 24-96 hours in 4 outbreaks (16.66%), 4-7 days in 7 (29.16%), 1-2 weeks in 4 (16.66%), 2-3 weeks in 2 (8.33%), 1-2 months in 2 (8.33%), and 2-3 months in 1 outbreak (4.16%). In 4 outbreaks (16.66%) the clinical manifestation period was not established. In outbreaks with longer clinical manifestation periods some animals showed photosensitization. The main necropsy findings were a hard and enlarged liver, distended gall bladder, edema of the mesenterium and abomasum, and increased amount of liquid in the cavities. Histopathological findings were fibroplasia, megalocytosis and biliary ductal proliferation of the liver, and spongy degeneration of the cerebral white matter. Samples of different Senecio species, in different seasons, were analyzed for detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) by thin layer chromatography. Retrorsine was found in Senecio brasiliensis, S. heterotrichius, S. selloi and S. oxyphyllus. In S. brasiliensis and S. heterotrichius one and two more non-identified PAs were detected, respectively. The total PAs concentration by spectrophotometric method was 0.25% for S. brasiliensis, 0.19% for S. heterotrichius, 0.03% for S. oxyphyllus, and 0.03% for S. selloi. The highest PAs concentration occurred in winter (June/July). No alkaloids were found in samples of S. leptolobus. These results show that S. brasiliensis is the most important cause of seneciosis in southern Rio Grande do Sul. Additional data obtained dealt with 54 outbreaks of PAs poisoning in 1978-1997. During this period, 7 outbreaks (12.96%) affected cattle up to 3 years of age, 39 (72.22%) cattle over 3 years, and 3 outbreaks (5.55%) affected cattle of different ages. In 5 outbreaks (9.25%) the age was not informed. Seven outbreaks (12.96%) affected males, 39 (72.22%) females, 3 (5.55%) both sexes, and in 5 outbreaks (9.25%) the sex was not informed. Twenty-three outbreaks (42.59%) occurred in spring, 9 (16.66%) in summer, 9 (16.66%) in autumn, and 13 (24.07%) in winter. The greater number of outbreaks during 1998-2000 (24 outbreaks in 3 years) in regard to 1978-1997 (54 outbreaks in 20 years) is probably due to a decrease of more than 50% in the number of sheep in the region.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Karam F.S.C., Méndez M.C., Jarenkow j.A. & Riet-Correa F. 2002. [Phenology of four poisonous Senecio (Asteraceae) species in southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.] Fenologia de quatro espécies tóxicas de Senecio (Asteraceae) na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 22(1):33-39. Laboratório de Toxicologia, Fac. Med. Vet., URCAMP, Bagé, RS 96400-110, Brazil. E-mail: fernando@alternet.com.br This study aimed to determine the phenology of Senecio brasiliensis, S. oxyphyllus, S. heterotrichius and S. selloi, and their relationship with cattle poisoning in the southern region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The phenology was studied during two years in the rural area of the municipalities of Bagé and Capão do Leão. These phenological observations were made at monthly intervals during the vegetative phase, and every 15 days during the reproductive period. The plants were observed from emergence until the dispersai of seeds, considering their vigor and their relationship with environmental factors. The results indicate that whenever the environmental conditions, like moisture and light, were favorable, Senecio spp emerge. The vegetative phenophases are practically constant during ali life cycle of the plant and the whole yea1: Unfavorable environmental factors like water stress, soil management and damage by insects, associated or not, can alter the cycle of the plants and determine their permanence in the environment. The majority of the species studied behaved like annual and monocarpic plants. According with the permanence during the two years of observation, the most persistent species in the environmentwas S. heterotrichius (15% of the plants persisted during the two year period), followed by S. selloi (2,8%) and S. brasiliensis (0,9%). S. oxyphyllus did not persist for more than one year.

• Phenology poisonous plants Senecio brasiliensis Senecio oxyphyllus Senecio heterotrichius Senecio selloi Asteraceae Fenologia plantas tóxicas.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Karam F.S.C., Méndez M.C., Jarenkow j.A. & Riet-Correa F. 2002. [Phenology of four poisonous Senecio (Asteraceae) species in southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.] Fenologia de quatro espécies tóxicas de Senecio (Asteraceae) na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 22(1):33-39. Laboratório de Toxicologia, Fac. Med. Vet., URCAMP, Bagé, RS 96400-110, Brazil. E-mail: fernando@alternet.com.br O objetivo principal desse trabalho foi determinara fenologia de Senecio brasiliensis, S. oxyphyllus, S. heterotrichius e S. selloi, e relacioná-la com a epidemiologia da intoxicação em bovinos, na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul. O estudo fenológico foi feito durante dois anos nos municípios de Bagé e Capão do Leão. As leituras foram mensais durante o período vegetativo e quinzenais no período reprodutivo das espécies, para observação desde sua emergência até dispersão de sementes, avaliando-se o vigor, e relacionando essas variáveis com fatores ambientais. Os resultados permitiram concluir que durante todo o ano há emergência de plantas de Senecio spp, desde que haja condições ambientais favoráveis, como umidade e luz, e as fenofases vegetativas são praticamente constantes durante todo o ciclo da planta. Fatores ambientais desfavoráveis como o déficit hídrico, o manejo do solo e o dano de insetos, associados ou não, podem alterar o ciclo das plantas e serem determinantes para a sua permanência no ambiente. A maioria dos exemplares, das quatro espécies, comportou-se como anual e monocárpica. A espécie mais persistente no ambiente foi S. heterotrichius (15% das plantas persistiram durante os dois anos de estudo), seguida de S. selloi (2,8%} e S. brasiliensis (0,9%). S. oxyphyllus não permaneceu no ambiente por mais de um ano.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Ilha M.R.S., Loretti A.P., Barros S.S., Barros C.S.L. 2001. [Spontaneous poisoning in sheep by Senecio brasiliensis (Asteraceae) in southern Brazil] Intoxicação espontânea por Senecio brasiliensis (Asteraceae) em ovinos no Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 21(3):123-138. Depto Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: ilha76@mailcity.com An outbreak of spontaneous Senecio brasiliensis poisoning in grazing sheep in the county of Mata, Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, is described. The disease occurred on one farm in middlejanuary 1997. Fifty-one (54.25%) out of 94 sheep were affected, and 50 animals (53.2%) died. This flock of sheep had been grazing for approximately 7 months (from June 1996 to January 1997) in paddocks heavily infested with S. brasiliensis. Clinical signs included photodermatitis, progressive emaciation, apathy, weakness, neurological signs such as drownsiness, aimless walking and unsteady gait, jaundice and hemoglobinuria. There was amelioration of the skin lesions in those sheep that developed hepatogenous photosensitization. Main necropsy findings in 9 sheep included small, firm, tan or greenish liver with few to numerous small, yellowish, well-circumscribed nodules measuring up to 3 mm in diameter and randomly scattered throughout the hepatic parenchyma. There was also marked distension of the gallbladder which contained large amounts of inspissated, dark green bile and straw-colored cavitary effusions (hydropericardium and ascitis). Five sheep developed lethal acute hemolytic crisis, secondary to massive release into the blood stream of copper accumulated in the liver (hepatogenous chronic copper poisoning). Apart from the aforementioned liver lesions, other gross findings in those animals included severe and diffuse jaundice, dark brown urine (hemoglobinuria) and swollen, friable, finely stippled or diffusely dark kidneys. The main histopathological findings included hepatomegalocytosis, biliary ductal proliferation (bile duct hyperplasia) and moderate periportal fibrosis. The portal triads were infiltrated with variable numbers of mononuclear cells. There was heavy accumulation of brownish pigment in macrophages identified as ceroid or copper with PAS and rhodanine stainings, respectively. Those ceroid and copper-laden macrophages were scattered on the remnant hepatic parenchyma or formed small aggregates in the portal triads. Main histopathological findings in the kidneys of 5 sheep, that developed fatal hepatogenous chronic copper poisoning, included tubular nephrosis, accumulation of hemoglobin and hemosiderin in epithelial tubular cells and hemoglobin casts (hemoglobinuric nephrosis). Morphological evidence of hepatic encephalopathy included spongy degeneration (status spongiosus) of the cerebral white matter. Ultrastructural changes in the tiver of affected sheep included degenerative hepatocellular changes of varying severity. There was accumulation of numerous lipid droplets in the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes and lysosomes containing substances of high electron-density that corresponded to ceroid-lipofuscin in most of the cases. In addition, there was mild swelling of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and moderate hyperplasia of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in some areas of the cytoplasm of the hepatocytes. Proximal convoluted tubular epithelial cells showed intracellular edema anda variety of mitochondrial degenerative changes. These included disarrangement and breakup of cristae, finely granular matrix, accumulation of lipid globules and rupture of the membranes in a few cases. Many epithelial tubular cells displayed substances of high electron-densitywithin lysosomes. Chemical analysis of copper in tiver and kidney samples of affected sheep revealed high concentrations varying from 369 ppm to 1248 ppm in the tiver and ranging from 152 ppm to 687 ppm in the kidneys (dry matter). The diagnosis of Senecio brasiliensis poisoning was based on epidemiological data, clinical signs, necropsy findings, histological lesions and laboratory data.

• Senecio brasiliensis Asteraceae diseases of sheep poisonous plants copper toxicosis pathology doenças de ovinos plantas tóxicas intoxicação por cobre patologia

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Ilha M.R.S., Loretti A.P., Barros S.S., Barros C.S.L. 2001. [Spontaneous poisoning in sheep by Senecio brasiliensis (Asteraceae) in southern Brazil] Intoxicação espontânea por Senecio brasiliensis (Asteraceae) em ovinos no Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira21(3):123-138. Depto Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: ilha76@mailcity.com Descreve-se a ocorrência de um surto de intoxicação espontânea por Senecio brasiliensis em ovinos em um estabelecimento do município de Mata, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, em meados de janeiro de 1997. De um total de 94 ovinos, 51 (54,25%) animais adoeceram e 50 (53,2%) morreram. Esse rebanho permaneceu durante aproximadamente 7 meses (de junho de 1996 a janeiro de 1997) em piquetes de pastagem nativa onde havia grande quantidade de S. brasiliensis. O quadro clínico manifestado pelos animais afetados consistia em fotossensibilização, emagrecimento progressivo, apatia, fraqueza, perturbações neurológicas como depressão, andar a esmo e desequilibrado, icterícia e hemoglobinúria. Houve melhora das lesões de pele naqueles ovinos que desenvolveram fotossensibilização hepatógena depois que foram retirados do sol. As principais lesões macroscópicas observadas em 9 dos 10 ovinos necropsiados incluíam fígado diminuído de tamanho, firme, difusamente marrom amarelado ou esverdeado, com quantidades variáveis de nódulos de 1-3 mm de diâmetro, bem circunscritos, salientes na cápsula, amarelados, distribuídos aleatoriamente por todo o parênquima. A vesícula biliar estava repleta e preenchida por bile verde escura e espessa. Havia também derrames cavitários (hidropericárdio e ascite). Crise hemolítica aguda fatal associada à intoxicação crônica hepatógena por cobre foi observada em cinco ovinos. Além das lesões hepáticas macroscópicas já mencionadas, foi observada icterícia generalizada da carcaça, rins tumefeitos, friáveis, difusamente escurecidos ou com fino pontilhado enegrecido; a urina era marrom escura (hemoglobinúria). As principais lesões microscópicas foram observadas no fígado e consistiam em hepatomegalocitose, proliferação de duetos biliares (hiperplasia ductal) e fibrose periportal moderada acompanhada de infiltrado inflamatório mononuclear. Macrófagos carregados de pigmento acastanhado formavam aglomerados nas tríades portais ou estavam dispersos entre os hepatócitos remanescentes. O material armazenado no citoplasma desses macrófagos correspondia a ceróide e cobre, positivo nas técnicas de PAS e rodanina, respectivamente. Nos rins de cinco animais, havia nefrose hemoglobinúrica caracterizada por degeneração e necrose do epitélio tubular, presença de hemoglobina e hemossiderina no citoplasma das células epiteliais dos túbulos contorcidos e cilindros de hemoglobina na luz tubular. Evidência morfológica de encefalopatia hepática incluía degeneração esponjosa (status spongiosus) da substância branca do encéfalo. Achados ultra-estruturais no fígado incluíam graus variáveis de degeneração hepatocelular caracterizada pelo acúmulo de numerosas gotas lipídicas no citoplasma das células hepáticas e presença de lisossomos carregados de material eletrodenso que, na maioria dos casos, correspondia à lipofuscina-ceróide. Adicionalmente, havia discreta dilatação do retículo endoplasmático rugoso e moderada hiperplasia do retículo endoplasmático liso em algumas regiões do citoplasma dos hepatócitos. No epitélio dos túbulos contorcidos proximais do rim foi observado edema intracelular e diversas alterações mitocondriais de caráter degenerativo que incluíam tumefação, desorganização e ruptura das cristas, matriz finamente granular, acúmulo de gotículas de gordura e ruptura das membranas em alguns casos. Lisossomos contendo material fortemente eletrodenso foram observados em muitas células tubulares renais. O exame laboratorial de fragmentos de fígado e rim dos ovinos afetados revelou níveis elevados de cobre que variaram respectivamente de 369 ppm a 1248 ppm e 152 ppm a 687 ppm com base na matéria seca. O diagnóstico de intoxicação por Senecio brasiliensis baseou-se em dados epidemiológicos, clínicos, de necropsia, histopatológicos e laboratoriais.

Abstract in English:

RESUMO.- Colodel E.M., Driemeier D. & Pilati C. 2000. [Experimental poisoning by the burs of Xanthium cavanillesii (Asteraceae) in cattle.] Intoxicação experimental pelos frutos de Xanthium cavanillesii em bovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 20(1):31-38. Depto Clínica Médica Veterinária; Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, UFMT, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, Cuiabá, MT 78010-900, Brazil. Os frutos moídos de Xanthium cavanillesii Schouw, foram administrados por via oral, em doses única ou repetidas, com intérvalo semanal, a onze bovinos. Desses, quatro morreram. Doses únicas a partir de 5 g/kg foram letais para bovinos. Dose de 3 g/kg produziu sinais clínicos e recuperação em um bovino. Repetições de 4 doses de 3 g/kg para um bovino e 2 doses de 5 g/kg para outro bovino não foram tóxicas. Foram constatadas hipoglicemia e elevação dos níveis séricos de aspartato aminotransferase (AST) nos bovinos que apresentaram sinais clínicos da intoxicação. Os primeiros sinais clínicos nos animais que morreram foram observados entre 6 e 12 horas após a administração dos frutos. A evolução do quadro clínico variou entre 5h30min e 8 horas. O quadro clínico foi semelhante nestes animais sendo que os principais sinais clínicos foram anorexia, apatia, salivação profusa e tremores musculares. Ocorreram também hipomotilidade e atonia ruminal, cólicas abdominais, gemidos freqüentes, ranger de dentes, sudorese generalizada e endoftalmia. As alterações de locomoção observadas foram incoordenação motora, instabilidade do trem posterior, decúbito permanente com movimentos de pedalagem, espasmos musculares e opistótono. As alterações respiratórias foram aumento da freqüência respiratória, respiração laboriosa com ruídos e momentos de apnéia. Finalmente ocorria perda do reflexo palpebral, ausência de reflexo pupilar e morte. No bovino que se recuperou, os primeiros sinais clínicos foram observados 18 horas após a administração e evoluíram num período de aproximadamente 72 horas. Neste bovino, através de biópsias hepáticas, observou-se necrose hepática coagulativa associada a congestão e hemorragias. Necrose hepática coagulativa massiva foi observado por biópsias hepáticas em um bovino que morreu, a partir de 12 horas após a administração dos frutos, associada com alterações nos níveis séricos de glicose e AST. As principais lesões encontradas na necropsia foram no fígado e consistiam de aumento do padrão lobular na superfície capsular e de corte, distensão da vesícula biliar e edema moderado da parede da vesícula biliar. A principal alteração microscópica era caracterizada por necrose coagulativa centrolobular ou massiva associada a congestão e hemorragia e alterações degenerativas nos hepatócitos circunjacentes.

• Plant poisoning Xanthium cavanillesii cattle hepatocellular necrosis Plantas tóxicas bovinos necrose hepatocelular.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Colodel E.M., Driemeier D. & Pilati C. 2000. [Experimental poisoning by the burs of Xanthium cavanillesii (Asteraceae) in cattle.] Intoxicação experimental pelos frutos de Xanthium cavanillesii em bovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 20(1):31-38. Depto Clínica Médica Veterinária; Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, UFMT, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, Cuiabá, MT 78010-900, Brazil. Os frutos moídos de Xanthium cavanillesii Schouw, foram administrados por via oral, em doses única ou repetidas, com intérvalo semanal, a onze bovinos. Desses, quatro morreram. Doses únicas a partir de 5 g/kg foram letais para bovinos. Dose de 3 g/kg produziu sinais clínicos e recuperação em um bovino. Repetições de 4 doses de 3 g/kg para um bovino e 2 doses de 5 g/kg para outro bovino não foram tóxicas. Foram constatadas hipoglicemia e elevação dos níveis séricos de aspartato aminotransferase (AST) nos bovinos que apresentaram sinais clínicos da intoxicação. Os primeiros sinais clínicos nos animais que morreram foram observados entre 6 e 12 horas após a administração dos frutos. A evolução do quadro clínico variou entre 5h30min e 8 horas. O quadro clínico foi semelhante nestes animais sendo que os principais sinais clínicos foram anorexia, apatia, salivação profusa e tremores musculares. Ocorreram também hipomotilidade e atonia ruminal, cólicas abdominais, gemidos freqüentes, ranger de dentes, sudorese generalizada e endoftalmia. As alterações de locomoção observadas foram incoordenação motora, instabilidade do trem posterior, decúbito permanente com movimentos de pedalagem, espasmos musculares e opistótono. As alterações respiratórias foram aumento da freqüência respiratória, respiração laboriosa com ruídos e momentos de apnéia. Finalmente ocorria perda do reflexo palpebral, ausência de reflexo pupilar e morte. No bovino que se recuperou, os primeiros sinais clínicos foram observados 18 horas após a administração e evoluíram num período de aproximadamente 72 horas. Neste bovino, através de biópsias hepáticas, observou-se necrose hepática coagulativa associada a congestão e hemorragias. Necrose hepática coagulativa massiva foi observado por biópsias hepáticas em um bovino que morreu, a partir de 12 horas após a administração dos frutos, associada com alterações nos níveis séricos de glicose e AST. As principais lesões encontradas na necropsia foram no fígado e consistiam de aumento do padrão lobular na superfície capsular e de corte, distensão da vesícula biliar e edema moderado da parede da vesícula biliar. A principal alteração microscópica era caracterizada por necrose coagulativa centrolobular ou massiva associada a congestão e hemorragia e alterações degenerativas nos hepatócitos circunjacentes.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Loretti A.P., Bezerra P.S., Ilha M.R.S., Barros S.S. & Barros C.S.L. 1999. [Experimental poisoning by the burs of Xanthium cavanillesii (Asteraceae) in sheep.] Intoxicação experimental pelos frutos de Xanthium cavanillesii (Asteraceae) em ovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 19(2):71-78. Depto Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Cx. Postal 15094, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. The ground burs of Xanthium cavanillesii (Asteraceae) were force fed to 15 adult sheep in single doses or divided in two doses. Nine sheep died. Doses of 2 g/kg and above were lethal for the sheep. A single dose of 1,25 g/kg and a total of 2,5 g/kg divided in two administrations of 1,25 g/kg consecutive daily doses did not cause the toxicosis. Clinical signs were observed only in the animals that died and occurred between 5 hours and 20 hours after the beginning of the administration of the burs. The toxicosis had a peracute (90 minutes to 3 hours) to acute (9 to 13 hours) course. Clinical signs included apathy, anorexia, decreased rate and intensity of ruminai movements, generalized muscle tremors, stiff and incoordinated gait, unwillingness to move, instability, falls and recumbency. Most affected sheep presented seromucous nasal discharge with labored breathing. In terminal stages, there were trismus, drooling of saliva, convulsive seizures, nystagmus, paddling movements, periods of apnea and death. Main necropsy findings included accentuation of the lobular pattern of the liver, focal hemorrhages on thé capsular and cut surfaces, distension accompanied by edema and hemorrhages of the gall bladder wall, ascites, hydrotorax, and translucent and gelatinous perirenal edema. The contents of the cecum and proximal loop of the ascending colon were dry, impacted and covered by mucos and streaks of clotted blood; there were disseminated petechiae and suffusions. The main histopathological change consisted of marked coagulative hepatocellular necrosis, which varied from centrilobular to massive, associated with congestion and hemorrhages. In the remaining of the hepatic lobule there was either swelling or vacuolation of the hepatocytes.

• Poisonous plants hepatotoxicosis Xanthium cavanillesii Asteraceae diseases of sheep pathology Plantas tóxicas hepatotoxicose doenças de ovinos patologia.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Loretti A.P., Bezerra P.S., Ilha M.R.S., Barros S.S. & Barros C.S.L. 1999. [Experimental poisoning by the burs of Xanthium cavanillesii (Asteraceae) in sheep.] Intoxicação experimental pelos frutos de Xanthium cavanillesii (Asteraceae) em ovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 19(2):71-78. Depto Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Cx. Postal 15094, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. Os frutos moídos de Xanthium cavanillesii foram administrados por via oral, em doses únicas ou fracionadas, a 15 ovinos adultos. Nove ovinos morreram. Doses a partir de 2 g/kg em uma única administração foram letais para os ovinos. Doses únicas de 1,25 g/kg e doses de 2,5 g/kg subdivididas em duas administrações diárias (1,25 g/kg em dois dias consecutivos) não causaram a intoxicação. Sinais clínicos foram observados apenas nos animais que morreram. Iniciavam entre 5 horas e 20 horas após o início da administração dos frutos. A evolução do quadro clínico foi superaguda (90 minutos a 3 horas) ou aguda (9 a 13 horas). Sinais clínicos incluíam apatia, anorexia, hipomotilidade ruminai, tremores musculares generalizados, incoordenação motora, andar rígido, relutância em caminhar, instabilidade, quedas e decúbito. Muitos animais apresentavam corrimento nasal seromucoso que dificultava a respiração. Nas fases terminais havia tiques, sialorréia, convulsões, nistagmo, movimentos de pedalagem e períodos de apnéia seguidos de morte. Os principais achados de necropsia incluíam acentuação do padrão lobular do fígado acompanhada de petéquias distribuídas aleatoriamente na superfície capsular e de corte, distensão da vesícula biliar associada a edema e hemorragias na parede, ascite, hidrotórax, edema gelatinoso e translúcido da região perirrenal, conteúdo do ceco e alça proximal do cólon ascendente ressequido, compactado, recoberto por muco e estrias de sangue coagulado. Havia petéquias e sufusões disseminadas. A principal lesão microscópica consistia em acentuada necrose coagulativa hepatocelular centrolobular ou massiva acompanhada de congestão e hemorragia e vacuolização ou tumefação dos hepatócitos remanescentes.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Driemeier D., Irigoyen L.F., Loretti A.P., Colodel E.M. & Barros C.S.L. 1999. [Spontaneous poisoning by the burs of Xanthium cavanillesii (Asteraceae) in cattle in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil.] Intoxicação espontânea pelos frutos de Xanthium cavanillesii em bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 19(1):12-18. Depto Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Cx. Postal 15094, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. Two outbreaks of Xanthium cavanillesii poisoning in feedlot cattle in the counties of Casca and Cachoeira do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, are described. The disease occurred on two farms in late April and mid August 1996. On one farm, 17 heifers out of 310 cattle died. On the other, 11 out of 83 yearling calves died. Clinical sigos included depression, anorexia, progressive dehydration, sunken eyes, tenesmus and slight rectal prolapse, muscle tremors, incoordination of gait, blindness, aggressivity and recumbency. Blindness was presente in the terminal stages prior to death that occurred within 3 to 24 hours after the onset of the clinical signs. Necropsy findings included accentuation of the lobular pattern of the liver with pinpoint hemorrhages on capsular and cut surfaces; perirenal edema, hydropericardium, and translucent and gelatinous edema of the gall bladder wall, mesentery, abomasal ligaments and folds. The feces were scant, dry and formed balis coated by mucus and streaks of clotted blood. There were widespread petechiae, ecchymoses and suffusions. Burs of X. cavanillesii were found mixed with the solid and dried contents of the rumen and reticulum. The main histopathological findings were marked centrilobular coagulative hepatocellular necrosis associated with congestion and hemorrhages, surrounded or not by a narrow rim of markedly swollen and vesicular hepatocytes. The animals were being fed with whole or milled leftovers from soybean crops contaminated with large amounts of burs of X. cavanillesii. Deaths stopped after the feeding with the soybean leftovers was discountinued. The diagnosis was based on epidemiological data, clinical sigos, necropsy findings, histological lesions and experimental reproduction of the toxicosis in cattle and sheep. The morphology and pathogenesis of the hepatic lesion and the clinical and pathological aspects of the toxicosis are discussed and compared with other reports of Xanthium spp poisoning and other acute hepatotoxicoses in cattle.

• Poisonous plants plant poisoning hepatotoxicosis Xanthium cavanillesii Asteraceae diseases of cattle pathology Plantas tóxicas intoxicação por planta hepatotoxicose doenças de bovinos patologia.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Driemeier D., Irigoyen L.F., Loretti A.P., Colodel E.M. & Barros C.S.L. 1999. [Spontaneous poisoning by the burs of Xanthium cavanillesii (Asteraceae) in cattle in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil.] Intoxicação espontânea pelos frutos de Xanthium cavanillesii em bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 19(1):12-18. Depto Patologia Clínica Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Cx. Postal 15094, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. Descreve-se a ocorrência de dois surtos de intoxicação espontânea de bovinos pelos frutos de Xanthium cavanillesii em dois estabelecimentos dos municípios de Casca e Cachoeira do Sul, RS, no final de abril e meados de agosto de 1996. Em um dos estabelecimentos, morreram 17 novilhas de um total de 310 bovinos e no outro, morreram 11 de um total de 83 terneiros de 12 a 18 meses de idade. O curso clínico variou de 3 a 24 horas e caracterizou-se por apatia, anorexia, desidratação progressiva, retração dos globos oculares, tenesmo associado a discreto prolapso retal, tremores musculares, incoordenação motora, agressividade, decúbito, cegueira na fase terminal, e morte. As principais lesões macroscópicas nos animais necropsiados incluíam fígado com acentuação do padrão lobular e hemorragias puntiformes na superfície capsular e de corte; hidropericárdio, edema gelatinoso e translúcido na parede da vesícula biliar, no mesentério, nos ligamentos e dobras do abomaso e na região perirrenal; fezes ressequidas, em pequena quantidade, sob a forma de esferas e recobertas por muco e estrias de sangue coagulado; petéquias, equimoses e sufusões disseminadas em diferentes tecidos e órgãos; e frutos de X. cavanillesii misturados a conteúdo firme e ressecado do rúmen e do retículo. A principal lesão microscópica consistia em acentuada necrose coagulativa hepatocelular centrolobular associada à congestão e hemorragias, circundadas ou não por uma estreita faixa de hepatócitos marcadamente tumefeitos e vesiculares. Nas propriedades, os bovinos confinados eram alimentados com resíduo de lavoura de soja, inteiro ou moído, contaminado acidentalmente por grande quantidade de frutos de X. cavanillesii. Após a retirada do resíduo da suplementação alimentar desses animais, as mortes cessaram. O diagnóstico baseou-se em dados epidemiológicos, clínicos, de necropsia e histopatológicos e na reprodução experimental da enfermidade em bovinos e ovinos. A morfologia e a patogenia da lesão hepática e o quadro clínico-patológico observados são discutidos e comparados com outros relatos de intoxicação por Xanthium spp descritos na literatura e com outras hepatotoxicoses agudas em bovinos.