PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Becker M., Caldeira F.H.B., Carneiro F.M., Oliveira L.P., Tokarnia C.H., Riet-Correa F., Lee S.T. & Colodel E.M. 2013. [The importance of poisoning by Amorimia pubiflora (Malpighiaceae) in cattle in Mato Grosso: experimental reproduction of the poisoning in sheep and cattle.] Importância da intoxicação por Amorimia pubiflora (Malpighiaceae) em bovinos em Mato Grosso: reprodução experimental da intoxicação em ovinos e bovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 33(9):1049-1056. Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Faculdade de Agronomia, Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa 2367, Cuiabá, MT 78068-900, Brazil. Email: moleta@ufmt.br In the county of Colniza, Mato Grosso, the main limitation for livestock production is the occurrence of “sudden death” in cattle, which affects in some farms up to 50% of the herd. In visits to some of the farms where the problem occurred, in 2004, 2011 and 2012, the presence of Amorimia pubiflora on the pastures was associated with the occurrence of “sudden deaths” in cattle. The deaths occurred throughout the year, however more frequently at beginning of the rainy season, when A. pubiflora sprouts in the grazing areas. The poisoning was experimentally reproduced in sheep and cattle by the administration of young leaves of the plant collected during two seasons, and in sheep by the administration of mature leaves and fruits. In the sheep that died, the first clinical signs were observed between 34min and 17h34min after the administration of the plant, and the clinical course varied from 3min to 15h20min, with a final peracute phase of 3 to 21 minutes. The main clinical signs were tachycardia, engorgement of the jugular veins, muscle trembling, apathy and reluctance to move, which were more evident when the animals were moved. The peracute final phase was characterized by generalized tremors and muscle contractions mainly of limbs, head and neck, respiratory distress and abdominal respiration, sternal and quick lateral recumbence or falling to the ground with peddling movements, opisthotonus, nystagmus, nystagmus and cyanosis of the oral mucosa, followed by death. The young leaves of A. pubiflora, independent of the collection period, were more toxic and caused death of sheep and cattle after ingestion of 2g/kg and 3g/kg respectively. Mature leaves caused death at the dose of 20g/kg, and the fruits at 5g/kg. The young leaves contained 0.015% of sodium monofluoracetate which is responsible for clinical signs of the “sudden death”. These findings show the importance of Amorimia pubiflora for cattle raising in Midwestern Brazil. The plant is toxic also for sheep causing a clinical picture similar to that reported in cattle poisoned by monofluoracetate-containing plants.

• Poisonous plants Amorimia pubiflora Mascagnia pubiflora Malpighiaceae monofluoracetate plant poisoning sudden death plantas tóxicas monofluoracetato intoxicação por plantas morte súbita

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Becker M., Caldeira F.H.B., Carneiro F.M., Oliveira L.P., Tokarnia C.H., Riet-Correa F., Lee S.T. & Colodel E.M. 2013. [The importance of poisoning by Amorimia pubiflora (Malpighiaceae) in cattle in Mato Grosso: experimental reproduction of the poisoning in sheep and cattle.] Importância da intoxicação por Amorimia pubiflora (Malpighiaceae) em bovinos em Mato Grosso: reprodução experimental da intoxicação em ovinos e bovinos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 33(9):1049-1056. Departamento de Clínica Médica Veterinária, Faculdade de Agronomia, Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa 2367, Cuiabá, MT 78068-900, Brazil. Email: moleta@ufmt.br No município de Colniza, Mato Grosso, a principal limitação para expansão pecuária é a ocorrência de “morte súbita” em bovinos, com registros de mortalidade próxima a 50% dos animais. Em visitas realizadas em áreas de ocorrência do problema, nos anos de 2004, 2011 e 2012, constatou-se que havia coincidência entre a ocorrência de “mortes súbitas” no rebanho e a presença de Amorimia pubiflora nas pastagens. As mortes ocorrem durante todo ano, porém acentuam-se no início do período das chuvas, quando há maior quantidade de brotação nas áreas de pastoreio. A intoxicação foi reproduzida em ovinos e bovinos através da administração de folhas jovens coletadas em dois períodos do ano, e, em ovinos, através de folhas maduras e dos frutos. Nos ovinos que morreram, as primeiras manifestações clínicas foram observadas entre 34min e 17h34min após a administração da planta e a evolução clínica foi de 3min a 15h20min, com uma fase final superaguda de 3 a 21min. As principais alterações clínicas encontradas foram taquicardia, evidenciação da jugular, tremores musculares, apatia e relutância à movimentação. Todos os sinais acentuavam-se após a movimentação. A fase final superaguda foi caracterizada por relutância para caminhar, cifose, tremores e contrações musculares generalizadas, principalmente de membros, cabeça e pescoço. Notou-se também taquipneia com respiração abdominal, decúbito esternal e rapidamente lateral ou quedas em decúbito lateral, opistótono, nistagmo e cianose de mucosa oral, seguidos de morte. As folhas jovens, independentemente do período da coleta, foram mais tóxicas; causaram a morte de ovinos a partir de 2g/kg e de um bovino que ingeriu 3g/kg. Já as folhas maduras revelaram-se tóxicas e causaram morte na dose de 20g/kg e os frutos ocasionaram a morte de um ovino que ingeriu 5g/kg. Concluímos que monofluoracetato de sódio (MFA), encontrado na concentração de 0,015% nas folhas em brotação de A. pubiflora, é o princípio tóxico responsável pela “morte súbita” causada por Amorimia pubiflora. Esse estudo mostra a importância de A. pubiflora para a região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, principalmente para a pecuária bovina do município de Colniza, MT. Essa planta é tóxica, também, para ovinos e o quadro clínico é similar ao descrito para bovinos.

Abstract in English:

RESUMO.- Costa F.B., Alves F.R., Costa A.P., Barros A.C.E., Guerra P.C., Sousa A.L. & Oliveira A.S. 2009. Ultrasonographic and radiographic determination of egg development of jurarás (Kinosternon scorpioides) in captivity. [Determinação ultrassonográfica e radiográfica do desenvolvimento de ovos de jurarás em cativeiro.] Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(10):841-846. Departamento das Clínicas, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Cidade Universitária Paulo VI, Tirirical, Cx. Postal 9, São Luís, MA 65055-310, Brazil. E-mail: franc.borges@yahoo.com.br A tartaruga Kinosternon scorpioides (Linnaeus, 1766), com nome popular de jurará, é uma espécie bastante variável, e muitos nomes diferentes são atribuídos às suas populações, de acordo com sua localização geográfica. Atualmente, quatro subespécies foram validadas como K. scorpioides surgindo desde o extremo Sul do Panamá e norte da América do Sul, podendo ser encontradas ainda no Equador, no norte do Peru, sul da Bolívia, norte da Argentina, leste da Guiana e no Brasil. Desde modo, foi realizado um estudo ultrassonográfico e radiológico, a fim de descrever a morfologia e o desenvolvimento dos ovos de K. scorpioides em cativeiro, utilizando-se 20 fêmeas, no período de setembro de 2005 a agosto de 2006. No primeiro mês, o ciclo ovariano foi caracterizado pela ausência de folículos vitelogênicos, atrésicos ou presença de ovos em ovidutos. De outubro de 2005 a março de 2006 a varredura ultrassonográfica permitiu determinar o crescimento vitelogênico dos folículos, os quais foram observados com um formato que variou de ovóide a esférico, envolvidos por um conteúdo ecogênico, uma camada não-ecogência de albumina e uma casca de elevada ecogenicidade. Ovos presentes em ovidutos foram identificados por radiografias apenas 180 dias após início do experimento, quando a casca tornou-se suficientemente mineralizada para impressionar o filme radiográfico. Um transdutor linear de 7,5 MHz promoveu imagens com resolução e penetração adequada para visibilização de folículos. Exames ultrassonográficos sucessivos em fêmeas K. scorpioides permitiram determinar os estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento de folículos vitelogênicos e o exame radiográfico mostrou-se como técnica simples para avaliar a presença de ovos em ovidutos, permitindo fazer inferências sobre desenvolvimento de ovos em jurarás, a partir dos 6 meses de pós-observação por ultrassonografia.

• Kinosternon scorpioides jurará mud turtle wildlife conservation reproduction

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Costa F.B., Alves F.R., Costa A.P., Barros A.C.E, Guerra P.C., Sousa A.L. & Oliveira A.S. 2009. Ultrasonographic and radiographic determination of egg development of jurarás (Kinosternon scorpioides) in captivity. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 29(10):841-846. Departamento das Clínicas, Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, Cidade Universitária Paulo VI, Tirirical, Cx. Postal 9, São Luís, MA 65055-310, Brazil. E-mail: franc.borges@yahoo.com.br Kinosternon scorpioides (Linnaeus, 1766), with its common name of jurará, is a quite variable species of turtles, and many different names have been applied to populations throughout its range. Currently, however, four subspecies are considered valid as K. scorpioides arises from southern Panama over most of northern South America and is found in Ecuador, northern Peru, southern Bolivia, northern Argentina, eastern Guyana and Brazil. Thus, an ultrasonographic and radiographic study was performed in order to describe the morphology and development of eggs of 20 female jurará mud turtles K. scorpioides, from September 2005 to August 2006. In the first month, the ovarian cycle was characterized by absence of vitellogenic follicles, atresic follicles or oviduct eggs. From October 2005 to March 2006 on, ultrasonographic scanning allowed to establish the growing vitellogenic follicles. Vitellogenic follicles were observed with spherical to ovoid shapes, with a surrounding echogenic yolk, a nonechogenic albumin layer, and a high echogenic shell. The oviduct eggs were identified by radiography just 180 days after beginning the experiment, when the shell became enough mineralized to impress the radiographic film. This experiment allowed to obtain by means of the 7.5 MHz linear probe images with adequate resolution and penetration for visualization of follicles. Successive ultrasonographic examinations of 20 K. scorpioides females allowed to access initial stages of vitellogenic follicles and oviduct eggs, and radiographic examination revealed to be an easy technique to assess oviduct eggs and to allow evaluation of egg development in jurarás, from 6 months on.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Cazerta S.M.M., Miglino M.A., Marques R.S., Vulcano M. & Pereira F.T.V. 2007. [Characterization of hemophagous areas of the bovine placenta.] Caracterização das áreas hemófagas da placenta bovina. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 26(6):229-235. Faculdade de Zootecnia, Campus Dracena, Unesp, Rod. Com. João Ribeiro de Barros, SP294 Km 651, Dracena, SP 17900-000, Brazil. E-mail: fverechia@dracena.unesp.br The specific region of maternal fetal interface needs to be clarified and corresponds to the “arcade zone” of sheep and goat placentomes. In small ruminants that area is also characterized by macroscopic blood extravasation (hemophagous areas). This occurs possibly because the iron is transferred to the embryo by trophoblastic erytrophagocytosis in these hemophagous placental areas. In order to investigate the hemophagous placental areas in cattle, placentomes of 34 pregnant Bos indicus cows (2-3, 4-6, 7-8 and 9 months of gestation) were analyzed. They were fixed by perfusion with 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution and 4% paraformoldehyde in PBS, pH 7.4, 0.1M, processed and stained for light microscopy and histochemistry. The methodology used allowed to observe placental haematomes between the uterine and trophoblastic epithelium since 3 months of pregnancy. Erythrocytes had been found in the trophoblastic cells, elucidating the erytrophagocytosis. Through Perl’s histochemical reaction it was possible to prove the existence of ferric iron in the trophoblastic cells. The PAS reaction was positive staining mucoid substance in the epithelial cells, especially in the binucleate cells of the fetal epithelium. Based on histology and histochemistry, it can be inferred that the hemophagous areas are important sites for iron transfer in the bovine placenta.

• Erythrophagocytosis hemophagous areas bovine placenta reproduction trophoblast

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Cazerta S.M.M., Miglino M.A., Marques R.S., Vulcano M. & Pereira F.T.V. 2007. [Characterization of hemophagous areas of the bovine placenta.] Caracterização das áreas hemófagas da placenta bovina. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 26(6):229-235. Faculdade de Zootecnia, Campus Dracena, Unesp, Rod. Com. João Ribeiro de Barros, SP294 Km 651, Dracena, SP 17900-000, Brazil. E-mail: fverechia@dracena.unesp.br The specific region of maternal fetal interface needs to be clarified and corresponds to the “arcade zone” of sheep and goat placentomes. In small ruminants that area is also characterized by macroscopic blood extravasation (hemophagous areas). This occurs possibly because the iron is transferred to the embryo by trophoblastic erytrophagocytosis in these hemophagous placental areas. In order to investigate the hemophagous placental areas in cattle, placentomes of 34 pregnant Bos indicus cows (2-3, 4-6, 7-8 and 9 months of gestation) were analyzed. They were fixed by perfusion with 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution and 4% paraformoldehyde in PBS, pH 7.4, 0.1M, processed and stained for light microscopy and histochemistry. The methodology used allowed to observe placental haematomes between the uterine and trophoblastic epithelium since 3 months of pregnancy. Erythrocytes had been found in the trophoblastic cells, elucidating the erytrophagocytosis. Through Perl’s histochemical reaction it was possible to prove the existence of ferric iron in the trophoblastic cells. The PAS reaction was positive staining mucoid substance in the epithelial cells, especially in the binucleate cells of the fetal epithelium. Based on histology and histochemistry, it can be inferred that the hemophagous areas are important sites for iron transfer in the bovine placenta.

Abstract in English:

Tokarnia C.H., Peixoto P.V., Döbereiner J., Barros S.S. & Riet-Correa F. 2004. [The outbreak of African swine fever which ocurred in 1978 in the county of Paracambi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.] O surto de peste suína africana ocorrido em 1978 no município de Paracambi, Rio de Janeiro. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(4):223-238. Projeto Sanidade Animal Embrapa/UFRRJ, Km 47, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: tokarnia@ufrrj.br Due to doubts which still persist 25 years after the outbreak of African swine fever (ASF) which ocurred in the county of Paracambi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1978, the results obtained through the studies to establish and confirm the diagnosis are presented. These include data on the epidemiology, clinic-pathological aspects, bacteriological, virological and ultramicroscopic examinations, the experimental reproduction of the disease and cross immunity tests with classical swine fever virus performed in Brazil, and on the confirmation with isolation of the virus and determination of its identity at the Plum Island Animal Disease Center, New York, USA. The pigs of the affected herd had been fed untreated remains of meals from airplanes of international lines flying to Brazil from Portugal and Spain where ASF was occurring at the time. According to publication by the Ministry of Agriculture, after the diagnosis of the outbreak of ASF described in this paper, 223 additional outbreaks were reported in Brazil between 1978 and 1979, in all the Brazilian regions (North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and South). Further outbreaks were reported in 1981, but their number is not known. The last case was reported to have occurred on November 15, 1981, and on December 5, 1984, Brazil was declared free of ASF. For the diagnosis of ASF 54,002 samples were examined by the Department of Virology of the Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, from 1978 to 1981, by the techniques of haemadsorption in leucocyte cultures (HAd), direct immunoflorescence in tissue sections (FATS), direct immunoflorescence in cell cultures (FATCC), immuno-electro-osmophoresis (IEOP) and indirect immunoflorescence assay (IIF). Only 4 samples were positive with the FATCC procedure. This is the only technique which includes virus isolation; the origin of these positive samples was not reported, but probably they were from the Paracambi outbreak. From other suspected outbreaks of ASF in Brazil there is no information on the isolation and characterization of the virus isolates. Likewise there is no information available about the epidemiology, clinical signs, and pathology of suspected ASF in other outbreaks. The analysis of all published data on this matter in Brazil, the possibility of false-positive results, the lack of information about isolation and characterization of the virus, as well as the lack of epidemiological, clinical and pathological data of these other supposed outbreaks of ASF strongly suggest that the outbreak of Paracambi was the only occurrence of ASF in Brazil, confirmed by the isolation, identification of the virus, and the determination of its pathogenicity, and that ASF occurred and maintained itself confined to this area probably due to the early diagnosis and the rapid application of efficient control measures by the Brazilian authorities; the slaughter of the animals in the outbreak of Paracambi started as soon as 10 days after the first death, 3 days after the presumptive diagnosis.

• African swine fever Brazil pathology experimental reproduction.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Tokarnia C.H., Peixoto P.V., Döbereiner J., Barros S.S. & Riet-Correa F. 2004. [The outbreak of African swine fever which ocurred in 1978 in the county of Paracambi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.] O surto de peste suína africana ocorrido em 1978 no município de Paracambi, Rio de Janeiro. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(4):223-238. Projeto Sanidade Animal Embrapa/UFRRJ, Km 47, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil. E-mail: tokarnia@ufrrj.br Due to doubts which still persist 25 years after the outbreak of African swine fever (ASF) which ocurred in the county of Paracambi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1978, the results obtained through the studies to establish and confirm the diagnosis are presented. These include data on the epidemiology, clinic-pathological aspects, bacteriological, virological and ultramicroscopic examinations, the experimental reproduction of the disease and cross immunity tests with classical swine fever virus performed in Brazil, and on the confirmation with isolation of the virus and determination of its identity at the Plum Island Animal Disease Center, New York, USA. The pigs of the affected herd had been fed untreated remains of meals from airplanes of international lines flying to Brazil from Portugal and Spain where ASF was occurring at the time. According to publication by the Ministry of Agriculture, after the diagnosis of the outbreak of ASF described in this paper, 223 additional outbreaks were reported in Brazil between 1978 and 1979, in all the Brazilian regions (North, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and South). Further outbreaks were reported in 1981, but their number is not known. The last case was reported to have occurred on November 15, 1981, and on December 5, 1984, Brazil was declared free of ASF. For the diagnosis of ASF 54,002 samples were examined by the Department of Virology of the Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, from 1978 to 1981, by the techniques of haemadsorption in leucocyte cultures (HAd), direct immunoflorescence in tissue sections (FATS), direct immunoflorescence in cell cultures (FATCC), immuno-electro-osmophoresis (IEOP) and indirect immunoflorescence assay (IIF). Only 4 samples were positive with the FATCC procedure. This is the only technique which includes virus isolation; the origin of these positive samples was not reported, but probably they were from the Paracambi outbreak. From other suspected outbreaks of ASF in Brazil there is no information on the isolation and characterization of the virus isolates. Likewise there is no information available about the epidemiology, clinical signs, and pathology of suspected ASF in other outbreaks. The analysis of all published data on this matter in Brazil, the possibility of false-positive results, the lack of information about isolation and characterization of the virus, as well as the lack of epidemiological, clinical and pathological data of these other supposed outbreaks of ASF strongly suggest that the outbreak of Paracambi was the only occurrence of ASF in Brazil, confirmed by the isolation, identification of the virus, and the determination of its pathogenicity, and that ASF occurred and maintained itself confined to this area probably due to the early diagnosis and the rapid application of efficient control measures by the Brazilian authorities; the slaughter of the animals in the outbreak of Paracambi started as soon as 10 days after the first death, 3 days after the presumptive diagnosis.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Peixoto P.V., Malafaia P., Miranda L.V., Canella C.F.C., Canella Filho, C.F.C. & Villas Boas F.V. 2003. [Reproduction performance of beef cattle cows given three different types of mineral supplements.] Eficiência reprodutiva de matrizes bovinas de corte submetidas a três diferentes tipos de suplementação mineral. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(3):125-130. Depto Nutrição Animal e Pastagem, Inst. Zootecnia, UFRRJ, Km 47, Seropédica, RJ 23851-970, Brazil. E-mail: pvpeixoto@uol.com.br The reproduction performance of about 1,200 beef cows, raised on pasture and given three different mineral supplements, was evaluated during 5 years in Cássia county, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The cows were divided into three groups: For one group (A) a comercial mineral mixture was used in 1997 and 1998; for the second group (B) common salt and dicalcium phosphate 1:1 was offered in 1999; and the third group (C) received only common salt during the sarne year. ln 2000 and 2001, ali the cows received exclusively common salt. There was no decrease in i:eproduction efficiency when only common salt was given; on the contrary, the reproduction performance of the inseminated e pregnant cows, thát was respectively 92.5 and 78.2 % (1997) and 92.2 and 80.5 % (1998), increased to 94.5 and 85.7 % (2000) and 96.7 and 89.7 % (2001). The decrease of reproduction performance of the cattle in 1999 was probably due to the severe drought during this year. The authors emphasize the importance of a selective mineral supplementation, i.e. to supplement cattle with mineral mixtures including only the elements which the animais can not obtain from the pasture. Theselective mineral supplementation requires the assistance of professionals with training and experience in clinics, pathology and nutrition of ruminants. These professionals should be able to accompany and evaluate the nutritional condition of a herd when a selective mineral mixture is used. Selective mineral supplementation could represent a two or threefold economy of the total cost of conventional supplementation with "complete" mineral mixtures. The authors discuss ifthe improvement of the reproduction performance of the cattle used in this fiel d experiment was due to a better management of the herd or to possible antagonism between the minerais.

• Cattle mineral deficiencies mineral supplementation tropical pastures Bovinos deficiências minerais pastagens tropicais suplementação mineral.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Peixoto P.V., Malafaia P., Miranda L.V., Canella C.F.C., Canella Filho, C.F.C. & Villas Boas F.V. 2003. [Reproduction performance of beef cattle cows given three different types of mineral supplements.] Eficiência reprodutiva de matrizes bovinas de corte submetidas a três diferentes tipos de suplementação mineral. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 23(3):125-130. Depto Nutrição Animal e Pastagem, Inst. Zootecnia, UFRRJ, Km 47, Seropédica, RJ 23851-970, Brazil. E-mail: pvpeixoto@uol.com.br Em uma fazenda do município de Cássia, Minas Gerais, o desempenho reprodutivo de aproximadamente 1200 matrizes bovinas de corte, criadas a campo, foi avaliado frente a três diferentes tipos de suplementação mineral, durante cinco anos. Enquanto que a mistura A (sal mineral comercial) foi oferecida nos anos de 1997 e 1998, a mistura B (cloreto de sódio 50% e fosfato bicálcico 50%) foi disponibilizada, em 1999, para as matrizes mantidas em um dos setores da fazenda e a mistura C (apenas cloreto de sódio), foi oferecida, neste mesmo ano, para os lotes cria dos em outros dois setores. Nos anos de 2000 e 2001, a mistura C foi ofertada a todas matrizes. Não houve queda na eficiência reprodutiva pela suplementação exclusiva com cloreto de sódio, pelo contrário, as percentagens de matrizes inseminadas e matrizes prenhes, que eram, respectivamente, de 92,5 e 78,2 (1997) e 92,2 e 80,5 (1998) alcançaram níveis de 94,5 e 85,7 (2000) e 96,7 e 89,7 (2001). A redução nos índices de matrizes inseminadas e de prenhez verificadas no ano de 1999 foi atribuída à baixa precipitação pluviométrica registrada naquele ano. Os autores ressalvam, porém, que a suplementação seletiva, isto é, aquela baseada na exclusiva administração do (s) mineral (is) que está (ão) faltando em uma determinada fazenda, só deve ser implantada mediante avaliação e acompanhamento clínico-nutricional do rebanho, o que exige apoio de profissional com adequados conhecimentos sobre nutrição, deficiências minerais e clínica de ruminantes. Por outro lado, a suplementação seletiva, pode representar uma despesa 2 a 3 vezes menor do que a verificada com a "mineralização" convencional do rebanho. Discute-se se a melhoria dos índices reprodutivos deveu-se à adequação do manejo ou à cessação de possível antagonismo entre os minerais.

Abstract in English:

Enzootic calcinosis was reproduced in sheep by the administration of Nierembergia veitchii mixed with food at a concentration of 50% for 21 days and at 10% level for 49 days. At a concentration of 50% N. veitchii produced loss of body weight, and at 10% lower body weight gains than the control animals. Food consumption was decreased and hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia were evident in both groups. Pathological findings included: soft tissue calcification, more severe in those animals that received N. veitchii at 50%; hyperplasia of thyroid C cells; atrophy of the parathyroids and osteopetrosis. Nierembergia veitchii, which contains a calcitriol-like substance, is approximately 78 times less toxic than Solanum malacoxylon.

• Sheep Nierembergia veitchii calcinogenic plant plant poisoning enzootic calcinosis soft tissue calcification

Abstract in Portuguese:

Calcinose enzoótica foi reproduzida experimentalmente em ovinos mediante a administração de Nierembergia veitchii dessecada, misturada a 50% na ração durante 21 dias, e a 10% durante 49 dias. Os ovinos que ingeriram alimentação com 50% da planta perderam peso e os que foram alimentados com 10% da planta tiveram menores ganhos de peso que os controles. Nos 2 grupos tratados houve diminuição do consumo de ração, hipercalcemia e hiperfosfatemia. As alterações patológicas caracterizaram-se por: calcificação dos tecidos moles, mais marcada no grupo que ingeriu N. veitchii a 50%; hiperplasia das células parafoliculares da tireóide; atrofia das paratireóides e osteopetrose. Nierembergia veitchii, que contém um princípio ativo de ação similar ao calcitriol, é aproximadamente 78 vezes menos tóxica que Solanum malacoxylon.

• Ovinos Nierembergia veitchii plantas calcinogênicas intoxicação por planta calcinose enzoótica calcificação dos tecidos moles

Abstract in English:

Experimental neonatal colibacillosis, in newbom piglets was attempted using 4 groups of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains, as follows: 1) Two strains from serogroup 0149:K91, both producing thermolabile enterotoxin (LT) and K88 colonization factor; 2) Two strains from serogroup 0101:K30, producing thermostable enterotoxin (STa) and K99 colonization factor; 3) One strain from serogroup 0157:K?, producing thermostable enterotoxin of the STb type and K88 antigen, and 4) One strain from serogroup 08:K?, producing STa enterotoxin anda new colonization factor, named F42. All fourteen piglets inoculated orally with these strains of ETEC developed clinical disease and died up to 42 hours after inoculation, being possible to visualize, by indirect fluorescent antibody technique, in all of them, that colonization of small intestine by the inoculated ETEC had occurred. The production of STa "in vivo", into the gut, by strains from group 2 and 4 was an important factor to prove that experimental colibacillosis did occur. In fact, coprocultures either from the diarrheic stools or from the gut contents revealed a high rate of LT+-K88+ and STa+ -K99+ colonies recovery. Though some quantitative differences among the examined materiais have been observed, the recovery of STa + -F42 + colonies was lower than in the former groups of ETEC strains. However clinical symptoms, production of STa "in vivo" and colonization of the gut of inoculated piglets proved that F42 antigen is undoubtedly a new colonization factor among ETEC involved in porcine colibacillosis.

• Porcine colibacillosis experimental reproduction virulence factors LT STa K88 K99 and F42

Abstract in Portuguese:

Foi tentada a reprodução experimental da colibacilose suína neonatal, em leitões recém-nascidos, usando-se para tal 4 grupos de amostras de Escherichia coli enterotoxigênicas (ETEC), a saber: 1) Duas amostras do sorogrupo 0149:K81, produtoras da enterotoxina termolábil (L T) e do fator de colonização K88; 2) Duas amostras do sorogrupo 0101:K30, produtoras da enterotoxina termoestável (STa) e do fator de colonização K99; 3) Uma amostra do sorogrupo 0157:K?, produtora da enterotoxina termoestável do tipo STb e do fator de colonização K88, e 4) Uma amostra do sorogrupo 08:K?, produtora da enterotoxina termoestável (STa) e de um novo fator de colonização, denominado F42. Todos os 14 leitões inoculados por via oral com estas amostras de ETEC desenvolveram doença clínica com morte até 42 horas após a inoculação, tendo sido possível detectar em todos eles a colonização do intestino delgado pelas amostras de ETEC inoculadas, através da técnica de imunofluorescência indireta. A produção de STa "in vivo", por amostras dos grupos 2 e 4 foi um fator importante na comprovação de que a reprodução experimental da doença por estas amostras realmente ocorreu. De fato, a coprocultura, quer das fezes diarréicas, quer do conteúdo intestinal dos animais, revelou um alto índice de recuperação de colonias LT+ -K88+ e STa+ -K99+. Embora tenham ocorrido entre os diversos materiais examinados algumas diferenças quantitativas, a recuperação de colônias STa=+ -F42+ foi menor do que nos casos anteriores, porém os achados referentes a doença clínica, produção de STa "in vivo" e colonização do intestino delgado dos leitões inoculados, comprovaram que o antígeno F42 é, sem dúvida, um novo fator de colonização em amostras de ETEC envolvidas na colibacilose suína.

• Colibacilose suína reprodução experimental fatores de virulência LT STa K88 K99 e F42

Abstract in English:

Caseous lymphadenitis was reprodued experimentally by intradennic inoculation of 5, 20 and 100 washed Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis bacteria in 26 normal goats. Between day 2 and 9 after inoculation, there was local erythema, papula and skin ulceration and, at day 15, a small enlargement of the local lymph node. Between day 45 and 180, independent of the infective dose rate, the infection developed to an abscess in the local lymph node of about one third of the goats. A similar number showed a pronounced enlargement of the local lymph node, but these later became normal again. The remainder of the goats showed an early return to normal after the initial signs of infection. All 26 goats, except 2, presented an antitoxin titre during some phase of the infection. The experimental·infection was shown to develop as the natural. It was concluded that selfcures, demonstrated experimentally, must also occur in the field, making clinical and immunological diagnosis difficult.

• Caseous Lymphadenitis experimental infection goats pathogenesis

Abstract in Portuguese:

A linfadenite caseosa foi reproduzida experimentalmente através da inoculação intradérmica de 5, 20 e 100 bactérias lavadas de C. pseudotuberculosis em 26 caprinos normais. A infecção manifestou-se, inicialmente, por formação de eritema, pápula, pústula e ulceração local da pele entre o 2º e o 9º dia pós-inoculação e no 15º dia por um ligeiro aumento do linfonodo satélite. Posteriormente, entre o 45º e o 180º. dia, independentemente da dose infectante usada, a infecção evoluiu para abscedação do linfonodo local em cerca de 1/3 dos caprinos. Em outro número similar, observou-se acentuado aumento do volume do linfonodo mas que depois regrediu e, finalmente, nos restantes houve rápida normalização após os sinais iniciais da infecção. Dos 26 caprinos apenas 2 não apresentaram antitoxinas no soro durante nenhuma fase da infecção. Foi demonstrado com o presente experimento que a infecção evoluiu simulando a natural e concluiu-se que as curas espontâneas observadas também devem ocorrer nas infecções de campo, dificultando o diagnóstico clínico e imunológico.

• Lindafenite caseosa infecção experimental caprinos patogenia

Abstract in English:

A total of 164 Bos indicus and crossbred maintained in extensive conditions and B. taurus bulis, in semi-extensive conditions, were submitted to at least three clinico-andrological examinations and semen collections using the electroejaculation method for semen evaluation. Ninety five (57.9%) of the bulis were of Nelore breed: 80 (84.2%) of them presented a normal reproductive status, but 4 (4.2%) showed testicular degeneration, 1(1.1%) hypoplasia, 3(3.2%) delayed sexual maturity, 3 (3.2%) seminal vesiculitis, 1 (1.1%) acrobustitis, 2 (2.1%) Brucellosis and 1 (1.1%) fibrosis in the epididymis. Among the B. taurus bulis, 29 (17.7%) of the Holstein Friesian type, 21 (72.4%) showed testicular degeneration and 1 (3.2%) fibrosis in the epididymis: in 11 (6.7%) crossed Holstein Friesian x Zebú, only 3 (27.3%) were normal, 7 (63.6%) had testicular degeneration, 1 (9.1 %) total unilateral hypoplasia. Among 20 (12.1 %) crossbred bulis (Chianina x Nelore) 13 (65.0%) were normal, 7 (35.0%) showed testicular degeneration. Among 9 (18.2%) Pitangueiras bulis (3/8 Red Danish x 5/8 Guzerá), 5 (55.6%) were normal, 1 (11.1%) showed testicular degeneration and 3 (33.3%) had delayed sexual maturity. Among the observations made by the clinico-andrological examination and the sperm picture, the volume, concentration, mass activity and impairment of the different parts of the genital system as well as sperm abnormalities were observed. In some cases, the bulis were slaughtered or castrated and the testis or other segments of the genital system were submitted to histological examination to confirm the diagnosis.

• Cattle bovine reproduction reproductive disturbance in the bull diseases of the genital system of the bull reproductive pathology

Abstract in Portuguese:

Foram examinados um total de 164 reprodutores Bos indicus e mestiços, submetidos a manejo extensivo e, animais B. taurus e mestiços submetidos a manejo semi-intensivo, recebendo alimentação suplementar ao cocho. Os animais foram submetidos a mais de três exames clínico-andrológicos seguidos de colheita de sêmen pelo método de eletroejaculação, com a realização de espermiogramas. Dentre os animais examinados 95 (57,9%) eram da raça Nelore, sendo que 80 (84,2%) eram normais, 4 (4,2%) apresentavam um quadro de degeneração testicular, 1 (1,1 %) com hiplasia bi-lateral total, 3 (3,2%) maturidade sexual rétardada, 3 (3,2%) vesiculite, 1 (1,1 %) acrobustite, 2 (2,1%) brucelose, 1 (1,0%) fibrose do epidídimo. De 29 (17,7%) animais B. taurus do tipo Holandês Preto e Branco, 21 (72,4%) apresentavam um quadro de degeneração testicular e 1 (3,4%) com fibrose do epidídimo. Dos animais mestiços com Holandês Preto e Branco, em 11 (6,7%) animais examinados somente 3 (27,3%), eram normais; em 7 (63,6%) foi detectado degeneração testicular e somente 1 (9,1 %) hiplasia do tipo uni-lateral total. Dos 20 (12,2%) touros mestiços de Chianino x Nelore, 13 (65,0%) eram normais; 7 (35,0%) apresentavam degeneração testicular, e finalmente nos 9 (18,2%) touros Pitangueiras (3/8 Red Danish x 5/8 Guzerá), 5 (55,6%) apresentavam-se normais, 1 (11,1%) com um quadro de degeneração testicular e 3 (33,3%) com maturidade sexual retardada. Em alguns casos os animais foram submetidos ao abate ou castração, tendo os testículos e outras partes do sistema genital submetidos a processamento histológico e examinados ao microscópio para confirmação dos diagnósticos.

• Bovinos reprodução em bovinos distúrbios reprodutivos no touro doenças do sistema genital do touro patologia da reprodução

Abstract in English:

Clinical examination of the genital system and semen analysis were performed on six bulls, a sire and five of its offspring, during periods that varied between 3 and 38 months. Tissue sections of the testicles of three of the offspring were evaluated histologically. In a total of 22 semen evaluations performed on the sire, eight years old at the last testing, total sperm pathology ranged from 38 to 100%. During three years artificial insemination indexes were studied and showed 13.79% less pregnancies than the mean in four herds of the sarne region over the sarne period. Two of the five offspring studied showed at least one semen sample with acceptable levels of sperm anomalies. Histological examination revealed alterations in the seminiferous tubules with the presence of giant multinucleated cells in the lumen, vacuolization and pyknosis of primary spermatocytes. All results obtained in this study were indicative of testicular hypoplasia with low germ cell-resistance, characterized by low fertility, probably hereditary in origin.

• Pathology of reproduction testicular hypoplasia low fertility bulis

Abstract in Portuguese:

Visando a ampliar os conhecimentos sobre o complexo hipoplasia testicular em bovinos, entidade patológica ainda não completamente esclarecida, foram estudados andrologicamente seis touros, sendo o genitor e cinco de seus filhos, com exames clínicos do sistema genital e de sêmen durante períodos que variaram de 3 a 38 meses. Entre os filhos, três tiveram um testículo estudado histologicamente. Em 22 espermiogramas realizados no genitor, com oito anos de idade no momento do último exame, a patologia espermática total oscilou entre 38 e l00%. Em três anos o percentual de vacas prenhas através de inseminação artificial foi 13,79% abaixo da média de quatro outras propriedades da região no mesmo período. Entre os cinco filhos estudados, apenas dois apresentaram alguma amostra de sêmen com níveis aceitáveis de patologia espermática. Exames histológicos revelaram alterações nos túbulos seminíferos em diversos níveis, com a presença de células gigantes multinucleadas no lúmen, vacuolização e picnose de espermatócitos primários. Todas as características neste estudo foram indicativas de um quadro de hipoplasia testicular com baixa resistência das células germinativas, deixando explícitos dois fatos: a subfertilidade e a provável origem hereditária.

• Patologia da reprodução hipoplasia testicular baixa fertilidade bovinos touro