PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Modolo J.R., Langoni H., Padovani C.R., Barrozo L.V., Leite B.L.S., Gennari S.M. & Stachissini A.V.M. 2009.[Occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in goat sera in the state of São Paulo, and its association with epidemiological variables, reproductive problems and risks on public health.] Avaliação da ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii, em soros de caprinos do estado de São Paulo, e associação com variáveis epidemiológicas, problemas reprodutivos e riscos à saúde pública. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(12):606-610. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Cx. Postal 524, Botucatu, SP 18618-000, SP, Brazil. E-mail: jrmodolo@fmvz.unesp.br The study evaluated the anti-Toxplasma gondii antibodies occurrence in dairy goats in São Paulo State, and also verified likely associations with age, sex, presence of cats, occurrence of reproductive problems, and potential risks to public health. Serum was obtained from 923 animals of both sex, over three months of age from 17 properties in different cities. For the diagnosis, the indirect immunofluorescence reaction (RIFIe”16) and a questionnaire about health to collect epidemiological information and the reproductive cycle of every goat were used. Among all properties, 15 foci of T. gondii were diagnosed with seropositivity ranging from 2.70% to 81.25%. Neither association between the frequency of seropositivity and the sex of animals nor occurrence of reproduction failure of goats was identified. There was positive influence of anti-T. gondii antibody rate due to the older age of the animals and the presence of cats in pens. The risk of transmitting T. gondii to the public health must be considered, once in some properties where the positive serology was verified natural, products such as milk and/or meat are commercialized. Results were discussed at 5% level of significance.

• Toxoplasma gondii occurrence commercialization map distribution dairy goats

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Modolo J.R., Langoni H., Padovani C.R., Barrozo L.V., Leite B.L.S., Gennari S.M. & Stachissini A.V.M. 2009.[Occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in goat sera in the state of São Paulo, and its association with epidemiological variables, reproductive problems and risks on public health.] Avaliação da ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii, em soros de caprinos do estado de São Paulo, e associação com variáveis epidemiológicas, problemas reprodutivos e riscos à saúde pública. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(12):606-610. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Cx. Postal 524, Botucatu, SP 18618-000, SP, Brazil. E-mail: jrmodolo@fmvz.unesp.br The study evaluated the anti-Toxplasma gondii antibodies occurrence in dairy goats in São Paulo State, and also verified likely associations with age, sex, presence of cats, occurrence of reproductive problems, and potential risks to public health. Serum was obtained from 923 animals of both sex, over three months of age from 17 properties in different cities. For the diagnosis, the indirect immunofluorescence reaction (RIFIe”16) and a questionnaire about health to collect epidemiological information and the reproductive cycle of every goat were used. Among all properties, 15 foci of T. gondii were diagnosed with seropositivity ranging from 2.70% to 81.25%. Neither association between the frequency of seropositivity and the sex of animals nor occurrence of reproduction failure of goats was identified. There was positive influence of anti-T. gondii antibody rate due to the older age of the animals and the presence of cats in pens. The risk of transmitting T. gondii to the public health must be considered, once in some properties where the positive serology was verified natural, products such as milk and/or meat are commercialized. Results were discussed at 5% level of significance.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Campos T.A., Lago J.C., Nakazato G., Stehling E.G., Brocchi M., Castro A.F.P. & Silveira W.D. 2008. Occurrence of virulence-related sequences and phylogenetic analysis of commensal and pathogenic avian Escherichia coli strains (APEC). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(10):533-540. Departamento de Microbiologia e Immunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Unicamp, Cidade Universitrária Zeferino Vaz s/n, Campinas, SP 13081-862, Brazil. E-mail: wds@unicamp.br The presence of iron uptake (irp-2, fyuA, sitA, fepC, iucA), adhesion (iha, lpfAO157/O141, lpfAO157/O154, efa, toxB) and invasion (inv, ial-related DNA sequences and assignment to the four main Escherichia coli phylogenetic groups (A, B1, B2 e D) were determined in 30 commensal E. coli strains isolated from healthy chickens and in 49 APEC strains isolated from chickens presenting clinical signs of septicemia (n=24) swollen head syndrome (n=14) and omphalitis (n=11) by PCR. None of the strains presented DNA sequences related to the inv, ial, efa, and toxB genes. DNA sequences related to lpfAO157/O154, iucA, fepC, and irp-2 genes were significantly found among pathogenic strains, where iucA gene was associated with septicemia and swollen head syndrome and fepC and irp-2 genes were associated with swollen head syndrome strains. Phylogenetic typing showed that commensal and omphalitis strains belonged mainly to phylogenetic Group A and swollen head syndrome to phylogenetic Group D. Septicemic strains were assigned in phylogenetic Groups A and D. These data could suggest that clonal lineage of septicemic APEC strains have a multiple ancestor origin; one from a pathogenic bacteria ancestor and other from a non-pathogenic ancestor that evolved by the acquisition of virulence related sequences through horizontal gene transfer. Swollen head syndrome may constitute a pathogenic clonal group. By the other side, omphalitis strains probably constitute a non-pathogenic clonal group, and could cause omphalitis as an opportunistic infection. The sharing of virulence related sequences by human pathogenic E. coli and APEC strains could indicate that APEC strains could be a source of virulence genes to human strains and could represent a zoonotic risk.

• Avian colibacillosis Escherichia coli APEC virulence related-genes pathogenic clones

Abstract in Portuguese:

ABSTRACT.- Campos T.A., Lago J.C., Nakazato G., Stehling E.G., Brocchi M., Castro A.F.P. & Silveira W.D. 2008. Occurrence of virulence-related sequences and phylogenetic analysis of commensal and pathogenic avian Escherichia coli strains (APEC). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 28(10):533-540. Departamento de Microbiologia e Immunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Unicamp, Cidade Universitrária Zeferino Vaz s/n, Campinas, SP 13081-862, Brazil. E-mail: wds@unicamp.br The presence of iron uptake (irp-2, fyuA, sitA, fepC, iucA), adhesion (iha, lpfAO157/O141, lpfAO157/O154, efa, toxB) and invasion (inv, ial-related DNA sequences and assignment to the four main Escherichia coli phylogenetic groups (A, B1, B2 e D) were determined in 30 commensal E. coli strains isolated from healthy chickens and in 49 APEC strains isolated from chickens presenting clinical signs of septicemia (n=24) swollen head syndrome (n=14) and omphalitis (n=11) by PCR. None of the strains presented DNA sequences related to the inv, ial, efa, and toxB genes. DNA sequences related to lpfAO157/O154, iucA, fepC, and irp-2 genes were significantly found among pathogenic strains, where iucA gene was associated with septicemia and swollen head syndrome and fepC and irp-2 genes were associated with swollen head syndrome strains. Phylogenetic typing showed that commensal and omphalitis strains belonged mainly to phylogenetic Group A and swollen head syndrome to phylogenetic Group D. Septicemic strains were assigned in phylogenetic Groups A and D. These data could suggest that clonal lineage of septicemic APEC strains have a multiple ancestor origin; one from a pathogenic bacteria ancestor and other from a non-pathogenic ancestor that evolved by the acquisition of virulence related sequences through horizontal gene transfer. Swollen head syndrome may constitute a pathogenic clonal group. By the other side, omphalitis strains probably constitute a non-pathogenic clonal group, and could cause omphalitis as an opportunistic infection. The sharing of virulence related sequences by human pathogenic E. coli and APEC strains could indicate that APEC strains could be a source of virulence genes to human strains and could represent a zoonotic risk.

Abstract in English:

Penatti M.P.A., Silva A.S., Valadares G.F. & Leite D.S. 2005. Occurrence of F42 colonization factor in Escherichia coli strains isolated from piglets with diarrhea. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(1):31-33. Depto Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Unicamp, Campinas, SP 13081-970, Brazil. E-mail: domingos@unicamp.br The objective of this study was to determine the presence of the colonization factor F42 in 168 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic stools of newborn piglets. The presence of F42 in 12 (7.1%) strains was detected with the agglutination test. Through the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) of F42 positive strains, gene encoding enterotoxins (ST-I, ST-II, LT-I and LT-II) were detected. The finding of ST-I/ST-II genes in 50% of the strains, ST-I (16%) and ST-II (25%) indicates a strong association of FC F42 with heat-stable enterotoxins (91%). In contrast, the thermolabile enterotoxin (LT-I and LT-II) genes were not detected. Serogroups of F42 positive strains were determined, serogroup O8 being the most prevalent (41,7%). Other serogroups, as there are O9, O11, O18, O32, O35, O98 and O101, were also identified. Thus, FC F42 was confirmed as an additional factor of virulence in the pathogenesis of porcine colibacillosis.

• Escherichia coli F42 piglets fimbriae diarrhea PCR.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Penatti M.P.A., Silva A.S., Valadares G.F. & Leite D.S. 2005. Occurrence of F42 colonization factor in Escherichia coli strains isolated from piglets with diarrhea. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 25(1):31-33. Depto Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Unicamp, Campinas, SP 13081-970, Brazil. E-mail: domingos@unicamp.br The objective of this study was to determine the presence of the colonization factor F42 in 168 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic stools of newborn piglets. The presence of F42 in 12 (7.1%) strains was detected with the agglutination test. Through the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) of F42 positive strains, gene encoding enterotoxins (ST-I, ST-II, LT-I and LT-II) were detected. The finding of ST-I/ST-II genes in 50% of the strains, ST-I (16%) and ST-II (25%) indicates a strong association of FC F42 with heat-stable enterotoxins (91%). In contrast, the thermolabile enterotoxin (LT-I and LT-II) genes were not detected. Serogroups of F42 positive strains were determined, serogroup O8 being the most prevalent (41,7%). Other serogroups, as there are O9, O11, O18, O32, O35, O98 and O101, were also identified. Thus, FC F42 was confirmed as an additional factor of virulence in the pathogenesis of porcine colibacillosis.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Weiss L.H.N., Nonig R., Cardoso M. & Costa M. 2002. [Occurrence of Salmonella sp in finishing pigs in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.] Ocorrência de Salmonella sp em suínos de terminação no Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 22(3):104-108. Depto Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. Pen feces samples were taken in ten finishing farms in Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) and submitted to Salmonella isolation protocol. Two farms negative and one positive in the preliminary screening were chosen, and feces from 25 randomly selected pigs in each of them were individually collected. The sarne animals were later sampled (rectal swab, intestinal content and mesenteric lymph nodes) at the slaughterhouse. After the introduction of new animals into farm Nl and Pl, other 25 pigs on each farm were examined as described above. In the preliminary screening, Salmonella was isolated from pen feces samples of 3 of the 10 investigated farms. Two of these herds showed a high level contamination. Eight Salmonella serotypes (Agona, Bredeney, Lexington, London, Mbandaka, Panama, Schwartzengrund, Salmonella sp) were found, with serotypes Agona and Bredeney being the most frequent. When individual animals were sampled, Salmonella was isolated in all selected farms. Salmonella was isolated in 6.4% of feces collected on the farm, 5.3% of intestinal contents and 5.6% of lymph nodes. Antibiogram testing of the isolated strains showed 97.8% resistance to sulphonamides, 82.6% to streptomycin, 36.9% to tetracyclin and 15.2% to sulfazotrim.

• Salmonella swine lymph nodes feces serotypes antibiogram suínos fezes linfonodos sorotipos antibiograma.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Weiss L.H.N., Nonig R., Cardoso M. & Costa M. 2002. [Occurrence of Salmonella sp in finishing pigs in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.] Ocorrência de Salmonella sp em suínos de terminação no Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 22(3):104-108. Depto Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9090, Porto Alegre, RS 91540-000, Brazil. Foram colhidas amostras de fezes de lote de suínos em 10 granjas terminadoras do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul para pesquisa de Salmonella sp. Duas granjas consideradas negativas (Nl e N2) e uma positiva (Pl) nesta primeira etapa foram escolhidas para colheita de amostras de fezes individuais de 25 animais escolhidos aleatoriamente. No abatedouro foram coletados swab retal, conteúdo intestinal e linfonodos mesentéricos dos mesmos animais amostrados na granja. Após a introdução de novos animais nas granjas Nl e Pl, outros 25 animais foram amostrados em cada granja, da mesma forma descrita acima. Três granjas tiveram amostras de fezes de lote positivas, sendo que em duas foi constatado um alto nível de contaminação. Foram encontrados 8 sorotipos de Salmonella (Agona, Bredeney, Lexington, London, Mbandaka, Panama, Schwartzengrund, Salmonella sp), sendo os sorotipos Agona e Bredeney os mais encontrados. Na colheita individual realizada, todas as granjas amostradas foram positivas. Em 6,4% das amostras de fezes colhidas na granja, 5,3% das amostras de conteúdo intestinal e 5,6% dos linfonodos mesentéricos foi possível isolar Salmonella. O antibiograma das linhagens de Salmonella isoladas demonstrou 97,8% de resistência à sulfonamida, 82,6% à estreptomicina, 36,9% à tetraciclina e 15,2% à sulfazotrim.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Molnár É., Molnár L., Dias H. T., Silva A.O.A. & Vale W.G. 1999. [Occurrence of enzootic bovine leukosis in the State of Pará, Brazil.] Ocorrência da leucose enzoótica dos bovinos no Estado do Pará, Brasil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 19(1):7-11. Laboratório de Investigação e Diagnóstico de Enfermidade Animal, Centro Agropecuário, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA 66075-900, Brazil. The occurrence of the infection with Bovine Leukosis Virus (BLV) was examined in agar-gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test and with indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in the State of Pará, Brazil. The blood sera were collected from different breeds including Nelore, Piemontes, Si mental, Holstein Frisian, Indubrasil, Girolanda, Sim brasil and their crossbreedings. The majority of the animals were adults. The overall occurrence of infections was 49.8% (359/721) and 26.0% (174/668) for ELISA and AGID test, respectively. All animal groups examined showed infection in ELISA, however in the AGID test two groups were sera negative.

• Enzootic bovine Ieukosis indirect ELISA immunodiffusion bovine leukemia bovine Leucose Enzoótica dos Bovinos ELISA indireto imunodifusão.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Molnár É., Molnár L., Dias H. T., Silva A.O.A. & Vale W.G. 1999. [Occurrence of enzootic bovine leukosis in the State of Pará, Brazil.] Ocorrência da leucose enzoótica dos bovinos no Estado do Pará, Brasil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 19(1):7-11. Laboratório de Investigação e Diagnóstico de Enfermidade Animal, Centro Agropecuário, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA 66075-900, Brazil. A ocorrência da infecção pelo Vírus da Leucose Enzoótica dos Bovinos (BLV) no Estado do Pará, foi estudada através do método de imunodifusão em ágar-gel (AGID) e por um ensaio imunoenzimatico (ELISA) indireto, paralelamente. Os exames foram realizados com amostras de soros sanguíneos oriundos de bovinos de diferentes raças sendo a maioria deles adultos. A prevalência observada foi de 49,8% (359/721) no ELISA e 26,0% (174/668) no AGID. Todos os 14 grupos dos animais estudados pelo ELISA indireto, mostraram a existência da infeção, enquanto que pelo método da AGID, dois grupos de animais foram negativos.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Silva T.M.D., Dutra I.S., Castro R.N. & Döbereiner J. 1998. [Occurrence and distribution of Clostridium botulinum type C and D spores in buffalo breeding areas of the Baixada Maranhense, Maranhão, Brazil.] Ocorrência e distribuição de esporos de Clostridium botulinum tipos C e D em áreas de criação de búfalos na Baixada Maranhense. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 18(3/4):127-131. Depto Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Unesp - Campus de Araçatuba, Cx. Postal 533, Araçatuba, SP 16015-050, Brazil. As botulism is a common disease in butfaloes raised in the low lands of the State of Maranhão, Brazil, the occurrence of Clostridium botulinum spores was evaluated in butfalo breeding areas of 4 municipalities in the "Baixada Maranhense". Twenty eight samples of faeces, mud and soil were collected and divided into 140 subsamples, being 40 of faeces, 65 of mud and 35 of soil. Botulinum toxin was detected in the filtrates of 104 cultures (74.28%) from 140 subsantples through the inoculation of mice. Using the microcomplement fixation technique for the identification of C. botulinum toxins, type C (14.29%), D (82.14%) and CD complex (3.57%) were found. No significant ditferences (P>0.05%) between faeces, mud and soil samples were observed. There was a high contamination with C. botulinum spores of the butfalo faeces, mud and soil in the areas studied. Identification of other types and subtypes of C. botulinum was not attempted.

• Clostridium botulinum faeces mud soil butfalo Baixada Maranhense Brazil limo solo búfalo Brasil.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Silva T.M.D., Dutra I.S., Castro R.N. & Döbereiner J. 1998. [Occurrence and distribution of Clostridium botulinum type C and D spores in buffalo breeding areas of the Baixada Maranhense, Maranhão, Brazil.] Ocorrência e distribuição de esporos de Clostridium botulinum tipos C e D em áreas de criação de búfalos na Baixada Maranhense. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 18(3/4):127-131. Depto Apoio, Produção e Saúde Animal, Unesp - Campus de Araçatuba, Cx. Postal 533, Araçatuba, SP 16015-050, Brazil. Botulismo é enzoótico na criação de búfalos da Baixada Maranhense, Estado do Maranhão. No presente trabalho foram realizados estudos para verificar a ocorrência e distribuição de esporos de Clostridium botulinum tipos C e D em amostras de solo, limo e fezes de búfalos, colhidas aleatoriamente em áreas inundáveis da criação de búfalos nessa Baixada. A evidenciação de esporos foi realizada em 40 amostras de fezes, 65 de limo e 35 de solo, provenientes de quatro municípios, pelo cultivo em meio de cultura com carne cozida e posterior inoculação do sobrenadante filtrado em camundongo, na tentativa de verificação da presença de toxina botulínica. A tipificação de amostras positivas foi realizada pela microfixação de complemento. Os resultados revelaram que 104 (74,28%) das 140 amostras examinadas foram positivas para a presença de esporos de C. botulinum pelo teste indireto. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre os valores obtidos quando das análises das amostras de solo (77,1%), limo (60,0%) e fezes (95,0%). Das 28 amostras de solo, limo é fezes positivas, que foram utilizadas para a tipificação, quatro (14,29%) foram classificadas como tipo C, 23 (82, 14%) como tipo D e uma (3,5%) como pertencente ao complexo CD. Os resultados revelaram uma alta contaminação ambiental por C. botulinum em áreas de criação de búfalos da Baixada Maranhense. A identificação de outros tipos e de subtipos de C. botulinum não foi realizada.

Abstract in English:

The diarrheic processes caused by pathogenic enterobacteria are of great economicsanitary importance, with limiting effects on cattle raising. In the present study 106 fecal samples from 52 diarrheic and 54 non-diarrheic calves aged 1 to 90 days were analyzed, in arder to determine the occurrence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and Salmonella sp among calves reared in the agreste region of the state of Pernambuco and to determine the behavior of the isolates in response to 16 antimicrobial agents. The strains were cultured in selective media and submitted to biochemical characterization, serologic identification and detection of heat-stable enterotoxin. E. coli was isolated from all 106 calves studied and five of these strains (4,7%) were proclucers of heat-stable enterotoxin. Salmonellasp was isolated from six (5,7%) samples belonging to serovars Dublin, Muenchen and Infantis. The Salmonella strains were highly sensitive to the drngs tested, whereas the E. co/istrains were more resistent to tetracycline (50,9%), sulfonamide (40,6%), streptomycin (35,9%) and ampicillin (22,6%). Particularly outstancling in the general analysis was the multiresistance of E. coli (52,0%), with a predominance of the tetracycline-sulfonamide association. The present results serve as a warning regarding the incliscriminated use of antimicrobial agents. Low percentages of ETEC and Salmonella in calves show the necessity of other diagnostic procedures to clarify the etiology.

• Diarrheia calves Escherichia coli Salmonella sp

Abstract in Portuguese:

Os processos diarréicos acarretados por enterobactérias patogênicas têm sido incriminados como de grande importância econômica-sanitária, desempenhando um papel limitante na criação de bezerros. Com o objetivo de estudar a ocorrência de Escherichia coli enterotoxigênica e Salmonella sp em bezerros no agreste meridional de Pernambuco e o compottamento dos isolados frente aos antimicrobianos, foram analisadas 106 amostras fecais provenientes de 52 bezerros diarréicos e 54 não diarréicos de 1 a 90 dias de idade. O cultivo das amostras foi realizado em meios seletivos com posterior caracterização bioquímica, identificação sorológica e detecção de enterotoxina termoestável. Para verificação do comportamento dos isolados, foram selecionados 16 antimicrobianos. E. coli foi isolada dos 106 bezerros estudados, sendo cinco (4,7%) produtoras de enterotoxina termoestável e, Salmonella isolada de seis (5,7%) amostras pertencentes aos sorovares Dublin, Muenchen e Infantis. As amostras de Salmonella demonstraram uma elevada sensibilidade frente as drogas testadas, enquanto que as de E. coli revelaram maior resistência à tetraciclina (50,9%); sulfonamida (40,6%); estreptomicina (35,9%) e ampicilina (22,6%). No cômputo geral destaca-se a multirresistência de E. coli (52%), predominando a associação tetraciclina-sulfonamida. Face aos resultados auferidos adverte-se quanto ao uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos. Os baixos percentuais de ETEC e Salinonella salientam a necessidade de outros procedimentos de diagnóstico visando esclarecer a etiologia das diarréias.

• Diarréia bezerros Eschericbia coli Salmonella sp

Abstract in English:

Evidence of the existence of inherited parakeratosis (lethal trait A-46) in Holstein calves in southeastern Brazil is presented. Affected animals were normal at birth and about 2 months later showed alopecia and crusts around the muzzle, eyes and ears, at the limbs, axillae and dorsal cervical region. Some calves showed salivation, diarrhoea and signs of pneumonia. Two animals were treated with either zinc sulphate or zinc oxide and their condition improved after one week. Total recovery occurred after 7 weeks treatment. Suspension of zinc administration caused recurrence of the clinical signs and the lesions. Analysis of zinc in blood serum and hair revealed very low levels in untreated calves and normal levels in the calves treated with zinc. Post-mortem examination revealed lesions of the esophagus, epiglottis and glottis besides the ones at the skin. Two necropsied calves had bronchopneumonia and one of them, in which this alteration was searched for, showed pronounced thymus atrophy. Histologically the skin showed parakeratosis, hyperkaratosis end acanthosis. The final diagnosis was based on epidemiological, clinical, gross and microscopic data together with the low serum zinc levels, according to the description of inherited parakeratosis. The detection of the disease is particularly significant because of the high risk of its spreading throμgh the trade of carrier animals or semen from carrier bulis.

• Inherited parakeratosis lethal trait A-46 inherited zinc deficiency cattle Holstein calves

Abstract in Portuguese:

São apresentadas evidências cfu presença de paraqueratose heréditária (linhagem letal A-46) em bezerros da raça holandesa no Brasil. Na Região Sudeste, a partir de 1973 começaram a aparecer casos de bezerros que, em meio às mesmas condições alimentares e de manejo dos bezerros não afetados, apresentavam lesões de pele progressivas e sempre morriam dentro de poucas semanas, independentemente do tipo de tratamento instituído. Os animais afetados eram normais ao nascer e em torno dos 2 meses de idade desenvolviam alopecia, formação de crostas em torno do focinho, olhos, base das orelhas, extremidades, axilas e região cervical dorsal. Em parte dos casos observaram-se sialorréia, diarréia e sinais de broncopneumonia. Dois animais foram tratados com sulfato ou óxido de zinco e evidenciaram melhoras a partir de uma semana, com recuperação total ao cabo de 7 semanas. Com a suspensão das adminis- trações de zinco, os sintomas e lesões recrudesceram. A dosagem dos teores de zinco no soro sangüíneo e pêlo mostraram concentrações muito baixas antes dos animais serem tratados e teores normais depois de iniciado o tratamento. À necropsia, além das lesões de pele, observaram-se, em um animal, úlceras recobertas de fibrina na mucosa oral e em outro, também na epiglote, glote e esôfago; dois animais necropsiados apresentaram broncopneumonia e um deles, no qual se atentou para essa alteração, acentuada atrofia do timo. Ao exame histológico da pele havia paraqueratose hiperqueratótica e acantose. O diagnóstico baseou-se nos dados epidemiológicos, clínicos, anátomo e histopatológicos e nas análises de zinco no soro, que estão de acordo com os descritos na literatura para a paraqueratose hereditária. A constatação da presença dessa enfermidade tem seu principal significado no risco de disseminação através da venda de sêmen ou de animais portadores, o que infelizmente já vem ocorrendo na Região Sudeste do Brasil.

• Paraqueratose hereditária linguagem letal A-46 deficiência de zinco bovinos bezerros da raça holandesa

Abstract in English:

The occurrence of rotavirus infection was studied in faeces of diarrhoeic swine in 32 farms of 22 municipalities from the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. From a total number of 231 faecal samples collected from piglets aging 1 to 60 days, 43 (18.6%) were positive by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), and 42 (17.7%) were positive by an enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). With the exception of 1 sample, the electropherotypes observed were consistent with the description of classical group A rotavirus. in 5 samples rotavirus was detected by ELISA and not by PAGE, whereas the inverse occurred in 7 samples. Studies with faecal dilutions of positive faeces demonstrated that the discrepancies probably were not due to differences in virus concentration. The presence of IgG was confirmed in one sample PAGE positive - ELISA negative, suggesting the presence of immune complexes that may have interfered in the results obtained. Bacteriological and parasitological examinations in 75 samples showed the presence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in 8 (10.7%) samples and Treponema hyodysenteriae in 6 (8%). in no sample were parasites detected. In only one sample E. coli and rotavirus were detected together, suggesting low incidence of the association bacteria-viruses. However, the severity of the outbreak where association was detected was greater than in the others. The age distribution of rotavirus infection in the piglets showed that 90% occurred in animals between 15 and 30 days old.

• Rotavirus swine diagnostic methods occurrence

Abstract in Portuguese:

A ocorrência de infecção por rotavirus foi estudada em granjas de suínos acometidos de diarréia em 32 propriedades de 22 municípios do Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina. De um total de 231 amostras fecais coletadas de leitões na faixa etária de 1 a 60 dias, 43 (18,6%) foram positivas pela técnica de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (PAGE) e 42 (17,7%) pelo ensaio imúnoenzimático (ELISA). Com a exceção de um caso, os eletroferotipos observados foram consistentes com a descrição dos rotavirus "clássicos" do grupo A. Em 5 amostras o rotavirus foi detectado por ELISA e não por PAGE, enquanto que a situação inversa ocorreu em 7 casos. Estudos com diluições de fezes positivas demonstraram que as discrepâncias observadas provavelmente não foram devidas a diferenças nas concentrações de vírus. A presença de IgG foi verificada em uma amostra PAGE positiva ELISA negativa, sugerindo a presença de complexos imunes que poderiam ser a causa de discrepâncias entre os métodos de diagnóstico. Exames bacteriológicos e parasitológicos em 75 amostras revelaram a presença de Escherichia coli enteropatogênica em 8 (10, 7%) e Treponema hyodysenteriae em 6 (8%). Em nenhum caso foram detectados parasitos. Em somente um caso E. coli foi encontrada em associação com rotavirus, que clinicamente mostrou maior gravidade do que nos demais. A distribuição da infecção por faixas etárias revelou que 79% dos casos foram verificados em animais de 15 a 30 dias.

• Rotavirus suínos métodos de diagnóstico ocorrência

Abstract in English:

Blood samples were obtained at slaughter from sixty 43 to 56 day old broilers, from each of 60 healthy flocks located in a region of high density poultry production. The flocks tested corresponded to approximately 10% of the total number existing in the region and were located within a radius of 50 km. All broilers had been vaccinated against Marek's disease atone day of age. Sera were tested in the immunodiffusion test for antibodies to avian reovirus (ARV), infectious bursal disease vírus (IBDV), fowl poxvirus (FPV), herpes virus of turkeys (HVT), avian adenovirus of groups 1 (AAV-1) and 2 (AAV-2). The sarne sera were tested in the micro serum neutralization test in plates for antibodies to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), and for hemagglutination inhibition antibodies to Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Antibodies to ARV, detected in 2172 (63.6%) of 3418 sera, and to AAV-1, in 2701 (78.2%) of 3456 sera, were found in all 60 flocks, while antibodies to IBDV, in 3086 (89.4%) of 3452 sera, were found in only 57 of the sarne flocks. These results indicated that the three viruses are ubiquitous in broilers. Antibodies to FPV in 14 (0.5%) of 2935 sera, and to NDV in 6 (0.2%) of 3320 sera, were demonstrated in five of 59 and in one of 60 flocks, respectively, indicating that these two viruses occur only rarely. Antibodies to HVT, in 315 (9.0%) of 3384 sera, were detected in 39 of 60 flocks tested, suggesting poor serological response to vaccination and low field exposure to MDV. Antibodies to IBV, in 61 (2.1 %) of 2925 sera, were found in 12 of 57 flocks tested. However, in only one flock was the percentage of reactors significant (41 %); in the 11 flocks the percentage of broilers with antibody ranged from 1.7 to 16.1 %. Finally, no antibodies were found in 3491 sera from 60 flocks tested for AAV-2, nor in 3035 sera from 59 flocks when tested for ILTV, indicating that these two viruses do not exist in the geographical area tested. The significance of these findings is discussed.

• Antibodies broilers reovirus Gumboro Fowl pox Marek's disease adenoviruses infectious bronchitis infectious laryngotracheitis Newcastle disease

Abstract in Portuguese:

Amostras de sangue foram obtidas ao abate de 60 frangos de corte, de 43 a 56 dias de idade, de cada uma de 60 granjas sem problemas sanitários aparentes localizadas em uma região de alta densidade de produção avícola. As granjas correspondiam a 10% do número total que existe na região e estavam localizadas em um raio de 50 km. Todos os frangos tinham sido vacinados contra a doença de Marek no primeiro dia de vida. Os soros foram avaliados no teste de imunodifusão para anticorpos para reovírus aviário (R V A), vírus da doença infecciosa da bursa (VDIB), vírus da bouba aviária (VBA), vírus herpes de perus (HVT), adenovírus aviário do grupo 1 (AVA-1) e do grupo 2 (A VA-2). Os mesmos soros foram examinados no microteste de soroneutralização em placas para anticorpos para o vírus da bronquite infecciosa (VBI) e o vírus da laringotraqueíte infecciosa (VLTI), bem como anticorpos inibidores da hemoaglutinação para o vírus da doença de Newcastle (VDN). Anticorpos para RVA, detectados em 2172 (63,6%) de 3418 soros, e para AVA-1, em 2701 (78,2%) de 3456 soros, foram demonstrados em todas as 60 granjas, enquanto que, anticorpos para o VDIB, em 3086 (89,4%) de 3452 soros, foram encontrados em somente 57 destas granjas. Estes resultados indicam que os três vírus são ubíquos em frangos de corte da região estudada. Anticorpos para o VBA em 14 (0,5%) de 2935 soros, para o VDN em seis (0,2%) de 3320 soros, foram encontrados em cinco de 59 e em uma de 60 granjas, respectivamente, indicando que esses dois vírus ocorrem apenas raramente. Anticorpos para HVT, em 315 (9,0%) de 3484 soros, foram detectados em 39 de 60 granjas testadas, sugerindo resposta sorológica pobre à vacinação e baixa exposição de campo ao vírus da doença de Marek. Anticorpos para o VBI, em 61 (2,1%) de 2925 soros, foram encontrados em 12 de 57 granjas testadas. Porém, em apenas uma granja a percentagem de reagentes era significativa (41 %); nas outras 11 granjas a percentagem de frangos com anticorpos variava de 1,7 a 16,1%. Finalmente, não foram detectados anticorpos em 3491 soros de 60 granjas testada para A VA-2, nem em 3035 soros de 59 granjas testadas para o VLTI, indicando que esses vírus não existem na área geográficas estudada. O significado de todos os achados é discutido.

• Anticorpos frangos de corte reovírus Gumboro bouba Marek adenovírus bronquite infecciosa laringotraqueíte infecciosa Newcastle