Abstract in English:
Wischnewsky spots (WS) are hemorrhagic, non-erosive, and non-ulcerative lesions that affect the gastric mucosa. They are considered common in the stomachs of humans who have died from hypothermia and are rarely described in other animal species. This study describes the occurrence of WS in cattle that had died of hypothermia in two cities in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Two properties were visited, and three cattle were necropsied by the team from the Pathological Anatomy Laboratory of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (LAP-UFMS). The epidemiological conditions and clinical signs of the cattle examined on both properties were similar. The deaths occurred on days when there was a sudden drop in environmental temperature, with continuous rain for more than 24 hours. During the visits, the most affected live cattle were found in sternal decubitus, with their heads resting on their flanks, or laterally in a comatose state, with nystagmus and a rectal temperature below 32°C. Macroscopically, there were multifocal to coalescent red and black areas on the mucosal surface of the abomasums of the three cattle necropsied, mainly at the apex of the folds, oval or punctate in shape, measuring 0.1 to 1.0cm in diameter. Microscopically, these dark areas corresponded to areas of rarefaction of the mucosal epithelial cells associated with hemorrhage and the frequent deposition of golden-brown pigment (hematin) in the extracellular medium. The diagnosis of hypothermia in cattle was based on epidemiology, clinical-pathological examination, and the exclusion of differential diagnoses. The lesions found in the abomasum of cattle that had died from hypothermia were compatible with WS, highlighting the importance of recognizing them in cases of cattle deaths in which this condition is suspected.
Abstract in Portuguese:
As manchas de Wischnewsky (WS) são lesões hemorrágicas, não erosivas e não ulcerativas que acometem a mucosa gástrica. Eles são considerados comuns no estômago de humanos que morreram de hipotermia e raramente são descritos em outras espécies animais. Este estudo descreve a ocorrência de WS em bovinos que morreram por hipotermia em duas cidades do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Duas propriedades foram visitadas e três bovinos foram necropsiados pela equipe do Laboratório de Anatomia Patológica da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (LAP-UFMS). As condições epidemiológicas e os sinais clínicos dos bovinos examinados nas duas propriedades foram semelhantes. As mortes ocorreram em dias em que houve queda brusca da temperatura ambiente, com chuva contínua por mais de 24 horas. Os bovinos vivos mais acometidos no momento das visitas foram encontrados em decúbito esternal, com a cabeça apoiada nos flancos, ou lateralmente em estado de coma, com nistagmo e temperatura retal abaixo de 32°C. Macroscopicamente, havia áreas vermelhas e pretas multifocais a coalescentes na superfície mucosa dos abomasos dos três bovinos necropsiados, principalmente no ápice das pregas, de formato oval ou pontiforme, medindo de 0,1 a 1,0cm de diâmetro. Microscopicamente, essas áreas escuras correspondiam a áreas de rarefação das células epiteliais da mucosa associadas à hemorragia e à frequente deposição de pigmento marrom-dourado (hematina) no meio extracelular. O diagnóstico de hipotermia em bovinos foi baseado na epidemiologia, no exame clínico-patológico e na exclusão de diagnósticos diferenciais. As lesões encontradas no abomaso de bovinos que morreram por hipotermia foram compatíveis com WS, destacando a importância de reconhecê-las em casos de mortes de bovinos em que haja suspeita desta condição.
Abstract in English:
The current study characterizes the genetic distribution of virulence and antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus lutetiensis and Streptococcus equinus isolated from cows with clinical mastitis using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Although they are not the protagonist species within the genus Streptococcus, recent studies have isolated these species associated with bovine mastitis. In addition, these species are reported and isolated from humans and other animals. A total of four strains of S. lutetiensis and one of S. equinus were isolated from five cows with identified cases of clinical mastitis at a dairy farm near Ithaca, New York. Nineteen genes associated with antimicrobial resistance and 20 genes associated with virulence were identified in the analyzed strains. All strains presented genes associated with resistance: alr, ddl, gdpD, kasA, murA, lsa(E), msr(D), mef(A), gidB, and LiaF. Resistance genes associated with several different classes of antibiotics have also been reported. Sixteen virulence-associated genes were identified in all strains. Based on our findings, we conclude that the studied species have the potential to cause mastitis in cattle, and further studies are important to elucidate their role.
Abstract in Portuguese:
O presente estudo caracteriza a distribuição genética de virulência e resistência antimicrobiana de Streptococcus lutetiensis e Streptococcus equinus isolados de vacas com mastite clínica usando sequenciamento completo do genoma. Apesar de não serem as espécies protagonistas dentro do gênero Streptococcus, estudos recentes têm isolado essas espécies associadas à mastite bovina. Além disso, essas espécies são relatadas e isoladas de humanos e outros animais. Um total de quatro cepas de S. lutetiensis e uma de S. equinus foram isoladas de cinco vacas com casos identificados de mastite clínica em uma fazenda leiteira perto de Ithaca, Nova York. Dezenove genes associados à resistência antimicrobiana e 20 genes associados à virulência foram identificados nas cepas analisadas. Todas as linhagens apresentaram genes associados à resistência: alr, ddl, gdpD, kasA, murA, lsa(E), msr(D), mef(A), gidB e LiaF. Genes de resistência associados a várias classes diferentes de antibióticos também foram relatados. Dezesseis genes associados à virulência foram identificados em todas as cepas. Com base em nossos achados, concluímos que as espécies estudadas têm potencial para causar mastite em bovinos e mais estudos são importantes para elucidar seu papel.
Abstract in English:
Although intranasal bovine respiratory disease (BRD) vaccines containing live attenuated virus elicit greater stimulation of local humoral immunity response, they can mimic a viral infection, responsible for reducing innate defense during the establishment of vaccine-induced immunity. Probiotics containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Enterococcus faecium reduced the occurrence of BRD in neonatal calves challenged with the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV). Furthermore, the probiotics potentiated the humoral immune response after vaccination in murine models, raising the question of whether they could have the same effect in calves. This study aimed to verify if the probiotic containing E. faecium and S. cerevisiae attenuates the inflammation caused by the vaccine against BRD in the respiratory tract region in calves. Twenty-four healthy Jersey calves, aged 6 to 7 months old, were divided into the groups: control (C), supplemented (S), vaccinated (V), and supplemented and vaccinated (SV), with six animals in each of them. Supplemented groups (S and SV) received S. cerevisiae and E. faecium once a day on D-15 for 51 days (Probios precise®, Ouro Fino®, 2g/day/animal). Vaccinated groups (V and SV) received a single dose of an intranasal BRD vaccine on day 0 (Inforce®, Zoetis®, 1ml/ nostril). The control group was not supplemented or vaccined. Irritation of the respiratory tract and bronchoalveolar (BA) evaluations: cytology, phagocyte function, and IgA were measured on D-15, D3, D7, and D21. The vaccinated groups showed greater irritation of the nasopharynx and trachea. However, only Group V showed a reduction in BA phagocyte function and an increase in cellularity by a neutrophil influx in the BA region. Regarding IgA BA, SV showed the greatest increase, followed by S and V, concerning C. We conclude that isolated supplementation with E. faecium and S. cerevisiae promoted increased production of BA IgA. In association with the vaccine, the supplementation attenuated the inflammation of the respiratory tract produced by the vaccine itself, avoiding the reduction of phagocyte function BA, besides potentiating the humoral immune response of the vaccine containing live attenuated virus against BRD.
Abstract in Portuguese:
Embora vacinas intranasais contra complexo respiratório bovino (CRB) contendo vírus vivo atenuado provoquem maior estimulação de reposta humoral local, elas podem mimetizar uma infecção viral responsável por reduzir a defesa imune inata durante o estabelecimento da imunidade vacinal. Probióticos contendo Saccharomyces cerevisiae e Enterococcus faecium reduziram a ocorrência de CRB em bezerras neonatas desafiados com vírus respiratório sincicial bovino e potencializaram a resposta humoral após a vacinação em modelos murino, gerando-se a dúvida se poderiam ter o mesmo efeito em bezerros. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de verificar se o probiótico contendo E. faecium e S. cerevisiae atenua a inflamação causada pela vacina na região do trato respiratório de bezerras. Vinte e quatro bezerras da raça Jersey, sadias com idade entre 6 a 7 meses de idade foram divididas nos grupos: controle (C), suplementado (S), vacinado (V) e suplementado e vacinado (SV), com seis animais em cada. Os grupos suplementados (S e SV) receberam S. cerevisiae e E. faecium uma vez ao dia, no dia D-15, durante 51 dias (Probios precise®, Ouro Fino®, 2g/dia/animal). Os grupos vacinados (V e SV) receberam a vacina intranasal contra CRB em dose única no dia 0 (Inforce®, Zoetis®, 1ml/ narina). Mensurou-se a irritação do trato respiratório e os parâmetros broncoalveolares (BA): citologia, função de fagócitos e IgA, nos dias D-15, D3, D7 e D21. Os grupos vacinados apresentaram maior irritação da nasofaringe e traqueia, porém apenas o V apresentou redução da função dos fagócitos BA e aumento da celularidade por influxo neutrofílico. Em relação a IgA BA, o SV apresentou o maior aumento, seguido do S e do V, em relação ao C. Conclui-se que a suplementação com E. faecium e S. cerevisiae isolada promoveu aumento de produção de IgA BA. Em associação com a vacina, atenuou a inflamação do trato respiratório produzida pela mesma, evitando a redução da função de fagócitos BA, além de potencializar a resposta humoral da vacina contendo vírus vivo atenuado contra o CRB.
Abstract in English:
Bovine tuberculosis is a zoonotic disease with global distribution. This study aimed to describe its prevalence in cattle through a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies conducted all around the world. The research consisted of a systematic literature review following the precepts of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Cross-sectional studies that described the prevalence of the disease using the diagnostic method through an intradermal test with bovine and avian purified protein derivative (PPD) were selected. Identifying articles was performed in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Of the total number of studies found (n=1,839), 60 met all criteria and were included in this review. The overall prevalence was 3.27% (2.11–5.05%) for animals and 18.09% (11.20–27.90%) for herds. Analysis of risk factors for tuberculosis in cattle was found or performed in 50 studies. The heterogeneity identified among the works included was expected, given the differences in research design, year of publication, and the number of animals sampled. It is necessary to evaluate the insertion of new ante mortem diagnostic tests into control and eradication programs, which, combined with allergic tests, may identify the largest number of animals that presented an actual positive for the disease.
Abstract in Portuguese:
A tuberculose bovina é uma doença zoonótica com distribuição global. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever a prevalência da enfermidade em bovinos através de uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise em estudos realizados no mundo. A pesquisa consistiu em uma revisão sistemática de literatura seguindo os preceitos da metodologia “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses” (PRISMA). Estudos transversais que descreveram a prevalência da enfermidade utilizando o método de diagnóstico através da prova intradérmica com derivado proteico purificado (PPD) bovino e aviário foram selecionados. O processo de identificação dos artigos foi desenvolvido nas bases de dados PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus e Web of Science. Do total de estudos encontrados (n=1.839), 60 atenderam a todos os critérios e foram incluídos na presente revisão. A prevalência geral encontrada foi de 3,27% (2,11–5,05%) para animais e 18,09% (11,20–27,90%) para rebanhos. Análises de fatores de riscos para a tuberculose em bovinos foi encontrada ou realizada em 50 estudos. A heterogeneidade identificada entre os trabalhos incluídos nesta revisão era esperada tendo em vista as diferenças relacionadas aos desenhos de pesquisa, anos de publicação dos estudos e a quantidade de animais amostrados. É necessária a avaliação da introdução de novos testes de diagnóstico ante-mortem aos programas de controle e erradicação que, combinados com os testes alérgicos, possam identificar o maior número de animais verdadeiramente positivos para a enfermidade.
Abstract in English:
Bovine enzootic hematuria (BEH) is a clinical form of poisoning in cattle caused by the consumption of Pteridium spp. (bracken fern), which has no treatment. However, selenium (Se) and vitamin E supplementation are feasible. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with increasing doses of selenium associated with vitamin E in cattle with BEH, compare the levels of Se in whole blood and blood serum, and evaluate the activity of glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidants, and the relative activity of the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO). Four groups of cattle with BEH were supplemented parenterally for 13 weeks with increasing doses of Se: Control group, Treatment group 1 (0.05mg/kg), Treatment group 2 (0.1mg/kg), and Treatment group 3 (0.2mg/kg). All groups received 500mg of vitamin E in combination with the Se supplementation. The measured variables included weight, hematuria intensity, hematocrit, total plasma protein, plasma fibrinogen, blood glutathione peroxidase activity, and total antioxidant levels. The blood concentrations of Se and relative MAO activity were evaluated every two weeks. Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman tests (P<0.05) were used to assess treatment and time effects, respectively, followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison test. For weight, total antioxidant concentration, and relative MAO, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the treatments, but there was a significant difference over time (P<0.05). For hematuria and hematocrit, there were significant treatment differences (P<0.05) but no significant time differences (P>0.05). For glutathione peroxidase, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) among the treatments, but there was a significant difference (P<0.05) between treatments M8 and M14 in Treatment group 3. There were no differences in the total plasma protein and fibrinogen levels between treatments or over time (P>0.05). Selenium levels were higher in Treatment group 1, reaching the highest concentration (235.3µg/L) in the blood serum at eight weeks. Therefore, supplementation with Se at a dose of 0.05mg/kg associated with vitamin E improved the clinical condition of hematuria but did not interfere with glutathione peroxidase activity or with levels of total antioxidants. MAO activity was reduced by vitamin E supplementation. These results indicate that the serum is the best site for measuring Se levels.
Abstract in Portuguese:
A hematúria enzoótica bovina (HEB) é uma forma clínica da intoxicação em bovinos causada pelo consumo de Pteridium sp. (samambaia) que não possui tratamento. Contudo, a suplementação utilizando selênio (Se) e vitamina E tem se mostrado viável. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com doses crescentes de selênio associado à vitamina E em bovinos com HEB, bem como, comparar os níveis de selênio em sangue total e soro sanguíneo, avaliar a atividade de glutationa peroxidase, os níveis de antioxidantes totais e a atividade relativa da enzima monoamina oxidase (MAO). Suplementou-se durante 13 semanas, por via parenteral, quatro grupos de bovinos com hematúria enzoótica (HEB), com doses crescentes de Se: Grupo controle, Grupo tratamento 1 (0,05mg/kg de Se), Grupo tratamento 2 (0,1mg/kg de Se) e Grupo tratamento 3 (0,2mg/kg de Se). Todos os grupos receberam em associação 500mg/animal de vitamina E. Quinzenalmente foram avaliadas as variáveis peso, intensidade de hematúria, hematócrito, proteína plasmática total, fibrinogênio plasmático, atividade sanguínea de glutationa peroxidase, níveis de antioxidantes totais, concentração sanguíneas de selênio e atividade relativa de monoamina oxidase. Utilizou-se os testes Kruskal Wallis e Friedman (P<0,05), para avaliar os efeitos dos tratamentos e do tempo, respectivamente, ambos seguidos do teste de comparação múltipla de Dunn. Para as variáveis peso, antioxidantes totais e atividade relativa de monoamina oxidase não houve diferença entre os tratamentos (P>0,05) e houve diferença ao longo do tempo (P<0,05). Para hematúria e hematócrito, houve diferença entre os tratamentos (P<0,05) e não houve diferença ao longo do tempo (P>0,05). Para a variável glutationa peroxidase, não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos (P>0,05), porém houve diferença entre os momentos M8 e M14, no Grupo tratamento 3 (P<0,05). Para proteína plasmática total e fibrinogênio não houve diferenças entre os tratamentos e nem ao longo do tempo (P>0,05). Os níveis de Se foram maiores no Grupo tratamento 1 atingindo a maior concentração no momento M8 no soro sanguíneo (235,3µg/L). Portanto, a suplementação com selênio na dose de 0,05mg/kg associada à vitamina E melhorou o quadro clínico de hematúria, mas não interferiu na atividade da glutationa peroxidase e nos níveis de antioxidantes totais. A atividade da monoamina oxidase foi reduzida globalmente pela suplementação de vitamina E. Estes resultados indicam que o soro foi o melhor local para medir o selênio.
Abstract in English:
This study aimed to determine the frequency of anti-Neospora caninum antibody detection in three samples and sampling methods: A prevalence study, routine diagnostic laboratory samples, and fetal bovine serum samples. These samples were collected from cattle in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), southern Brazil, and analyzed using the indirect immunofluorescence reaction technique. For each sampling method, a historical study was used as a reference for comparison. In the prevalence study, 1,248 serum samples were collected from 2020 to 2022. The prevalence of N. caninum in the RS state was 22.8% (285/1248). This figure was statistically different compared to previous studies conducted in 2002, which reported a prevalence of 11.2% (p<0.001). In the routine diagnostic samples, an average rate of 29.95% (985/3289) of anti-N. caninum antibodies were detected. This rate was statistically higher than that of a previous study conducted in 2003, which reported a rate of 20% (p=0.01). Similar data were found in the fetal bovine serum samples, which showed an increase compared to previous studies conducted in 2010 that reported a rate of 15% (p=0.003). The increase in the detection rate of N. caninum antibodies underscores the need for measures to control and prevent bovine neosporosis.
Abstract in Portuguese:
Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a frequência de detecção de anticorpos anti-Neospora caninum em três diferentes amostras e métodos de coleta: um estudo de prevalência, amostras de laboratório de diagnóstico de rotina e amostras de soro fetal bovino. Essas amostras foram coletadas de bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul (RS), região Sul do Brasil, e analisadas usando a técnica de reação de imunofluorescência indireta. Para cada método de coleta, um estudo histórico foi usado como referência para comparação. No estudo de prevalência, foram coletadas 1.248 amostras de soro entre 2020 e 2022. A prevalência de N. caninum no estado do RS foi de 22,8% (285/1248). Esse valor foi estatisticamente diferente quando comparado a estudos anteriores realizados em 2002, que relataram uma prevalência de 11,2% (p<0,001). Nas amostras de diagnóstico de rotina, foi detectada uma taxa média de 29,95% (985/3289) de anticorpos anti-N. caninum. Essa taxa foi estatisticamente maior do que a de um estudo anterior realizado em 2003, que relatou uma taxa de 20% (p=0,01). Dados semelhantes foram encontrados nas amostras de soro fetal bovino, que mostraram um aumento em comparação com estudos anteriores realizados em 2010 que relataram uma taxa de 15% (p=0,003). O aumento na taxa de detecção de anticorpos anti-N. caninum destaca a necessidade de medidas para controlar e prevenir a neosporose bovina.
Abstract in English:
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) can cause acute and persistent infections in cattle, resulting in significant economic losses to the livestock industry each year. Targeted antiviral therapy is an effective strategy. This study was based on network pharmacology, molecular docking techniques and in vitro studies to investigate quercetin’s mechanism in treating bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease (BVD-MD). The network topology analysis was carried out using Cytoscape 3.9.0 software to construct the network of “Chinese medicine ingredients-target-diseases”. Protein interactions were explored and analyzed using the String system (PPI). GO and KEGG pathway analysis of the intersected targets was performed using Bioconductor software. The molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation methods were used to reveal the degree of binding of quercetin to key target genes. Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence were used to characterize the antiviral effects of quercetin. This study utilized network pharmacological analysis, identifying 22 targets associated with BVD-MD. The results of the KEGG pathway showed that quercetin was closely related to Ras and MAPK signaling pathways of BVD-MD. Molecular docking results showed that SRC, NS5B, NOX4 and XDH were the key targets of quercetin in the treatment of BVD-MD. Through network pharmacology, molecular docking and in vitro experiments, quercetin was demonstrated to combat bovine viral diarrhea mucosal disease through key targets of SRC, MAPK1, GSK3B, NS5B and E2. Molecular dynamics analysis showed that quercetin exhibited complex stability with NS5B. This study provides a theoretical and experimental basis for quercetin treatment of BVD-MD and later drug development.
Abstract in Portuguese:
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) can cause acute and persistent infections in cattle, resulting in significant economic losses to the livestock industry each year. Targeted antiviral therapy is an effective strategy. This study was based on network pharmacology, molecular docking techniques and in vitro studies to investigate quercetin’s mechanism in treating bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease (BVD-MD). The network topology analysis was carried out using Cytoscape 3.9.0 software to construct the network of “Chinese medicine ingredients-target-diseases”. Protein interactions were explored and analyzed using the String system (PPI). GO and KEGG pathway analysis of the intersected targets was performed using Bioconductor software. The molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation methods were used to reveal the degree of binding of quercetin to key target genes. Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence were used to characterize the antiviral effects of quercetin. This study utilized network pharmacological analysis, identifying 22 targets associated with BVD-MD. The results of the KEGG pathway showed that quercetin was closely related to Ras and MAPK signaling pathways of BVD-MD. Molecular docking results showed that SRC, NS5B, NOX4 and XDH were the key targets of quercetin in the treatment of BVD-MD. Through network pharmacology, molecular docking and in vitro experiments, quercetin was demonstrated to combat bovine viral diarrhea mucosal disease through key targets of SRC, MAPK1, GSK3B, NS5B and E2. Molecular dynamics analysis showed that quercetin exhibited complex stability with NS5B. This study provides a theoretical and experimental basis for quercetin treatment of BVD-MD and later drug development.
Abstract in English:
The samples were taken from 106 cows with various-looking lesions on their teats and ranged in age from 2 to 8 years. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antigen (Ag) positive for the bovine papillomavirus (BPV) was found in 59 (55.7%) blood serum samples. PCR using FAP59/64 primers was positive for 24 (22.6%) samples. BPV-2 (40, 37.7%), BPV-6 (28, 26.4%), BPV-8 (30, 28.3%), BPV-9 (36, 34%), BPV-10 (32, 30.3%), and BPV-12 (22, 20.8%) were found in a PCR type-specific analysis of single and mixed type teat warts. The highest positivity was observed in BPV-2, BPV-9 and BPV-10 in flat and round forms, BPV-6, BPV-10, BPV-12, and mixed types in rice grain-cauliflower forms, BPV-9 and mixed types in filiform in the distribution of types based on the macroscopic appearance of teat lesions. As for the distribution of BPV types according to age, the most BPV-2 types were found in the age group of two years, the most BPV-10 types in the age group of three years, the most BPV-9 types in the age group of four years, the most BPV-8+BPV-12 types in the age group of five years, and the most mixed types between the ages of six and eight years. The existence of the virus was then checked using electron microscopy on the chosen samples (at least one investigation was conducted), and it was positively identified using BPV type-specific primers. The authors concluded that BPV detection using an ELISA (Ag) test from blood serum samples was shown to be less sensitive than BPV type-specific PCR from wart samples.
Abstract in Portuguese:
The samples were taken from 106 cows with various-looking lesions on their teats and ranged in age from 2 to 8 years. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antigen (Ag) positive for the bovine papillomavirus (BPV) was found in 59 (55.7%) blood serum samples. PCR using FAP59/64 primers was positive for 24 (22.6%) samples. BPV-2 (40, 37.7%), BPV-6 (28, 26.4%), BPV-8 (30, 28.3%), BPV-9 (36, 34%), BPV-10 (32, 30.3%), and BPV-12 (22, 20.8%) were found in a PCR type-specific analysis of single and mixed type teat warts. The highest positivity was observed in BPV-2, BPV-9 and BPV-10 in flat and round forms, BPV-6, BPV-10, BPV-12, and mixed types in rice grain-cauliflower forms, BPV-9 and mixed types in filiform in the distribution of types based on the macroscopic appearance of teat lesions. As for the distribution of BPV types according to age, the most BPV-2 types were found in the age group of two years, the most BPV-10 types in the age group of three years, the most BPV-9 types in the age group of four years, the most BPV-8+BPV-12 types in the age group of five years, and the most mixed types between the ages of six and eight years. The existence of the virus was then checked using electron microscopy on the chosen samples (at least one investigation was conducted), and it was positively identified using BPV type-specific primers. The authors concluded that BPV detection using an ELISA (Ag) test from blood serum samples was shown to be less sensitive than BPV type-specific PCR from wart samples.
Abstract in English:
Although yeast supplementation has shown an immunostimulant effect in feedlot cattle, the question remains whether it influences the occurrence of the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) in feedlot cattle. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate whether dietary supplementation with autolyzed yeast affects the efficiency of blood phagocytes, reducing inflammation and the occurrence of BRD in feedlot cattle. A randomized experimental trial was conducted with whole steers with half Angus blood for 106 days: control (n=10): diet without yeast; Y4 (n=12): yeast diet (4g per animal per day); and Y7 (n=7): yeast diet (7g per animal per day). On Days 0, 14, 42, 70, and 105, blood count, leukocyte oxidative metabolism, serum haptoglobin, frequency of nasal secretion and orbital temperature were evaluated. On slaughter day, a lung evaluation was performed. On Days 42 and 70 of feedlot finishing, the treated animals showed increased leukocyte oxidative metabolism (D42 P=0.04; D70 P=0.02) compared to the control group. These animals had a lower frequency of mucopurulent nasal secretion, lower orbital temperature and reduced pneumonia occurrence than the treated groups (P=0.05) with less lung lesion severity (P=0.01), allowing us to infer that the autolyzed yeast improves blood phagocytic function and decreases the inflammation and BRD of feedlot steers, especially at a dose of 4g.
Abstract in Portuguese:
Embora a suplementação com leveduras tenha demonstrado efeito imunoestimulante em bovinos, permanece-se a dúvida se ela influencia na ocorrência do complexo doença respiratória bovina (CDRB) em bovinos confinados. Portanto, objetivou-se avaliar se a suplementação dietética com levedura autolisada influencia a eficiência de fagócitos sanguíneos, reduzindo inflamações e a ocorrência de CDRB em bovinos confinados. Realizou-se um ensaio experimental randomizado com 36 novilhos inteiros 1/2 sangue Angus por 106 dias: controle (n=10): dieta sem levedura; Y4 (n=12): dieta com levedura (4g por animal por dia); e Y7 (n=7): dieta com levedura (7g por animal por dia). Nos dias 0, 14, 42, 70 e 105, hemograma, metabolismo oxidativo de leucócitos, haptoglobina sérica, frequência de secreção nasal e temperatura orbital foram avaliados. No dia do abate, foi realizada avaliação pulmonar. Nos dias 42, e 70 de terminação em confinamento, os animais tratados apresentaram aumento do metabolismo oxidativo dos leucócitos (D42 P=0,04; D70 P=0,02) em relação ao grupo controle. Esses animais apresentaram menor frequência de secreção nasal mucopurulenta, menor temperatura orbital, menor ocorrência de pneumonias (P=0,05) com menor gravidade das lesões pulmonares (P=0,01), permitindo inferir que a levedura autolisada na dieta melhorou a eficiência dos fagócitos sanguíneos, reduzindo inflamações e a ocorrência de CDRB, especialmente na dosagem de 4g.
Abstract in English:
Cattle are considered intermediate hosts of Sarcocystis, which can cause clinical signs and lower performance in the acute phase of infection. Sarcocystis spp. are usually not visible to the naked eye during the post mortem inspection. Moreover, fresh microscopic examination and transmission electron microscopy techniques are difficult to apply to large samples. Therefore, extensive studies on Sarcocystis infection in cattle using molecular and serological methods are required. Here, we investigated Sarcocystis spp. infection in cattle using fresh microscopic examination and polymerase chain reaction of myocardium samples and compared the results with the presence of antibodies against Sarcocystis spp. in corresponding serum samples detected using indirect fluorescent antibody test. Microscopic Sarcocystis were observed in 100% of the myocardial samples, and Sarcocystis DNA was present in 86% (43/50) of these samples. Antibodies against Sarcocystis spp. were detected in 96% (48/50) and 80% (40/50) of the serum samples at 1:25 and 1:200 dilutions, respectively. The three associated methods (fresh microscopic examination, PCR and serology) showed good sensitivity and detection for Sarcocystis spp. compared with fresh microscopic examination (only), and they may facilitate diagnosis in live animals on a large scale as well as monitoring of the herd status.
Abstract in Portuguese:
Os bovinos são considerados hospedeiros intermediários de Sarcocystis, podendo causar sinais clínicos e menor desempenho na fase aguda da infecção. Sarcocystis spp. geralmente não são visíveis a olho nu durante a inspeção post mortem. Além disso, o exame microscópico a fresco e as técnicas de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão são difíceis de aplicar a uma amostras de grande tamanho. Portanto, são necessários extensos estudos sobre a infecção por Sarcocystis em bovinos usando métodos moleculares e sorológicos. Aqui, investigamos a infecção de Sarcocystis spp. em bovinos por meio de exame microscópico a fresco e reação em cadeia da polimerase de amostras de miocárdio e comparado os resultados com a presença de anticorpos contra Sarcocystis spp. em amostras de soro correspondentes detectadas usando o teste de anticorpos fluorescentes indiretos. Sarcocistos microscópicos foram observados em 100% das amostras de miocárdio, e o DNA de Sarcocystis estava presente em 86% (43/50) dessas amostras. Anticorpos contra Sarcocystis spp. foram detectados em 96% (48/50) e 80% (40/50) das amostras de soro nas diluições 1:25 e 1:200, respectivamente. Os três métodos associados (exame microscópico a fresco, PCR e sorologia) mostraram boa sensibilidade e detecção para Sarcocystis spp. em comparação com o exame microscópico fresco (apenas) e podem facilitar o diagnóstico em animais vivos em larga escala, bem como o monitoramento do status do rebanho.