PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA

Abstract in English:

Elias F., Schild A.L. & Riet-Correa F. 2004. [Bovine herpesvirus type-5 meningoencephalitis and malacia: histological lesions distribution in the central nervous system of naturally infected cattle.] Meningoencefalite e encefalomalacia por Herpesvírus bovino-5: distribuição das lesões no sistema nervoso central de bovinos naturalmente infectados. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(3):123-131. Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFPel, Cx. Postal 354, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil. E-mail: alschild@terra.com.br The distribution of the histological lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) of cattle naturally infected by bovine herpes virus type-5 (BHV-5) was determined in 12 affected calves from 10 outbreaks of the disease diagnosed by the Regional Diagnostic Laboratory (LRD) at Pelotas University, from 1986 to 2003. The epidemiological data, clinical signs and duration of clinical course were obtained from the files of LRD. Transversal sections were performed at different levels in 10% formalin-fixed CNS. The sections were made in the frontal, parietal, temporal e occipital lobes of the telencephalic hemispheres, basal ganglia and internal capsule, thalamus, anterior colliculus, pons, cerebellar peduncles, cerebellum, medulla oblongata and cervical spinal cord. Paraffin embedded tissues were sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The severity and distribution of the inflammatory and malacic lesions were evaluated in all sections. These lesions were related with the epidemiological and clinical aspects of the disease. The outbreaks of the disease were observed in different seasons of the year. Affected animals were 2 to 24-month-old, of different breeds and both sexes. Gross lesions characterized by yellow and depressed areas in the cerebral cortex were observed in five calves. In two of them, similar lesions were additionally observed in thalamus, basal nuclei, and internal capsule. Congestion and multifocal hemorrhages were observed in most cases. The histological lesions were characterized by non-suppurative meningoencephalitis in all sections of CNS, but more severe in the frontal cortex. Focal or widespread malacia with infiltration of Gitter cells were observed in all sections of cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, internal capsule, and thalamus. In some cases mild malacia was also observed in the rostral colliculi, pons, medulla, cerebellum and cervical spinal cord. Intranuclear inclusion bodies were seen in all cases studied; they were frequent in regions of the cerebral cortex near mild to moderate inflammatory or malacic lesions. In two cases the inclusion bodies were also seen in the basal ganglia and thalamus. The severity of the histological lesions was not proportional with the clinical course of the disease. The presence of lesions of malacia in different regions of the CNS, an aspect not mentioned in most reports of BHV-5 infections, could be due to variable pathogenicity of different virus isolates. Alternatively, it is possible that BHV-5 encephalitis occurs due to the reactivation of the virus in cattle previously affected by polioencefalomacia; this last sequence of events was already demonstrated experimentally by our research group.

• Bovine herpesvirus type-5 BHV-5 cattle meningoencephalitis polioencephalomalacia.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Elias F., Schild A.L. & Riet-Correa F. 2004. [Bovine herpesvirus type-5 meningoencephalitis and malacia: histological lesions distribution in the central nervous system of naturally infected cattle.] Meningoencefalite e encefalomalacia por Herpesvírus bovino-5: distribuição das lesões no sistema nervoso central de bovinos naturalmente infectados. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(3):123-131. Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária, UFPel, Cx. Postal 354, Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil. E-mail: alschild@terra.com.br The distribution of the histological lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) of cattle naturally infected by bovine herpes virus type-5 (BHV-5) was determined in 12 affected calves from 10 outbreaks of the disease diagnosed by the Regional Diagnostic Laboratory (LRD) at Pelotas University, from 1986 to 2003. The epidemiological data, clinical signs and duration of clinical course were obtained from the files of LRD. Transversal sections were performed at different levels in 10% formalin-fixed CNS. The sections were made in the frontal, parietal, temporal e occipital lobes of the telencephalic hemispheres, basal ganglia and internal capsule, thalamus, anterior colliculus, pons, cerebellar peduncles, cerebellum, medulla oblongata and cervical spinal cord. Paraffin embedded tissues were sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The severity and distribution of the inflammatory and malacic lesions were evaluated in all sections. These lesions were related with the epidemiological and clinical aspects of the disease. The outbreaks of the disease were observed in different seasons of the year. Affected animals were 2 to 24-month-old, of different breeds and both sexes. Gross lesions characterized by yellow and depressed areas in the cerebral cortex were observed in five calves. In two of them, similar lesions were additionally observed in thalamus, basal nuclei, and internal capsule. Congestion and multifocal hemorrhages were observed in most cases. The histological lesions were characterized by non-suppurative meningoencephalitis in all sections of CNS, but more severe in the frontal cortex. Focal or widespread malacia with infiltration of Gitter cells were observed in all sections of cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, internal capsule, and thalamus. In some cases mild malacia was also observed in the rostral colliculi, pons, medulla, cerebellum and cervical spinal cord. Intranuclear inclusion bodies were seen in all cases studied; they were frequent in regions of the cerebral cortex near mild to moderate inflammatory or malacic lesions. In two cases the inclusion bodies were also seen in the basal ganglia and thalamus. The severity of the histological lesions was not proportional with the clinical course of the disease. The presence of lesions of malacia in different regions of the CNS, an aspect not mentioned in most reports of BHV-5 infections, could be due to variable pathogenicity of different virus isolates. Alternatively, it is possible that BHV-5 encephalitis occurs due to the reactivation of the virus in cattle previously affected by polioencefalomacia; this last sequence of events was already demonstrated experimentally by our research group.

Abstract in English:

Rech R.R, Fighera R.A., Oliveira F.N. & Barros C.S.L. 2004. [Granulomatous meningoencephalitis in cattle grazing vetch (Vicia spp).] Meningoencefalite granulomatosa em bovinos em pastoreio de ervilhaca (Vicia spp). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(3): 169-172. Depto Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: claudioslbarros@uol.com.br Granulomatous meningoencephalitis was observed in 7 out of 8 adult dairy cows affected by vetch-associated systemic granulomatous disease, although there was no neurological signs associated with the condition. The cellular inflammatory infiltrates were located in the leptomeninges and as perivascular cuffings within the brain and consisted of epithelioid macrophages, lymphocytes, plasm cells and eosinophils. These inflammatory changes varied from mild to severe from animal to animal and among different brain regions of the same animal. Perivascular cuffings were usually more marked than the leptomeningeal infiltrates. Affected brain regions, in decreasing order of intensity, included diencephalon through the level of massa intermedia, mesencephalon at the level of rostral colliculi, pons and cerebellar peduncles, medulla at the level of obex, frontal lobe at the level of the genu of the corpus callosum, and cerebellum. The character and the distribution of the inflammatory changes are emphasized regarding the differential diagnosis with other diseases and lesions of the bovine central nervous system in the context of the Brazilian surveillance program for bovine spongiform encephalopath.

• Diseases of cattle diseases of the central nervous system meningoencephalitis plant poisoning Vicia spp pathology.

Abstract in Portuguese:

Rech R.R, Fighera R.A., Oliveira F.N. & Barros C.S.L. 2004. [Granulomatous meningoencephalitis in cattle grazing vetch (Vicia spp).] Meningoencefalite granulomatosa em bovinos em pastoreio de ervilhaca (Vicia spp). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 24(3): 169-172. Depto Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. E-mail: claudioslbarros@uol.com.br Granulomatous meningoencephalitis was observed in 7 out of 8 adult dairy cows affected by vetch-associated systemic granulomatous disease, although there was no neurological signs associated with the condition. The cellular inflammatory infiltrates were located in the leptomeninges and as perivascular cuffings within the brain and consisted of epithelioid macrophages, lymphocytes, plasm cells and eosinophils. These inflammatory changes varied from mild to severe from animal to animal and among different brain regions of the same animal. Perivascular cuffings were usually more marked than the leptomeningeal infiltrates. Affected brain regions, in decreasing order of intensity, included diencephalon through the level of massa intermedia, mesencephalon at the level of rostral colliculi, pons and cerebellar peduncles, medulla at the level of obex, frontal lobe at the level of the genu of the corpus callosum, and cerebellum. The character and the distribution of the inflammatory changes are emphasized regarding the differential diagnosis with other diseases and lesions of the bovine central nervous system in the context of the Brazilian surveillance program for bovine spongiform encephalopath.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Spilki F.R., Esteves P.A., Franco A.C., Lima M., Holz C.L., Batista H.B.C.R., Driemeier D., Flores E.F., Weiblen R. & Roehe P.M. 2002. [Neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness of bovine herpesvirus type 1 and 5 in rabbits.] Neurovirulência e neuroinvasividade de Herpesvírus bovinos tipos 1 e 5 em coelhos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 22(2):58-63. Centro de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Estrada do Conde 6000, Cx. Postal 47, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil. E-mail: proehe@orion.ufrgs.br In order to determine the capacity of bovine herpesvirus type 1 and 5 (BHV-1 and BHV-5) to invade, multiply and spread along the central nervous system (CNS) (neuroinvasiveness), as well as their potential to induce neurological illness (neurovirulence), 30 to 35 days old rabbits were inoculated with the BHV-5 strain EVI 88 / 95 and Los Angeles and Cooper BHV-1 strains, by the intrathecal (IT) and intranasal (IN) routes. The BHV-5 strain induced severe neurological clinical signs in 100% (12/12) of the rabbits inoculated by both routes. Histopathological examination revealed multifocal non-suppurative meningoencephalitis, characterized by multifocal gliosis and perivascular cuffing. Virus was recovered from many parts of the brain. Both BHV-1 strains, when inoculated via 1T route, were not neurovirulent. The strain Los Angeles, after IN inoculation, induced signs of severe respiratory disease (7/7), as well as signs of neurological impairment, indistinguishable from those induced by BHV-5, in 57% (4/7) of the infected rabbits. However, the rabbits with nervous signs revealed at histopathology vasculitis and thrombosis in lungs and brain, the latter with foci of neuronal necrosis, but no lesions indicative of encephalitis, suggesting that neural damage was probably consequent to tissue anoxia. The BHV-1 strain Cooper, after IN inoculation, induced only mild signs of respiratory disease. These findings indicate that the BHV-5 strain was both neuroinvasive and neurovirulent, since it was capable of invading, spreading and multiplying in the rabbits brains by both routes of inoculation, yet causing neurological disease, apparently consequent to vírus induced neural damage. The BHV-1 Los Angeles strain was not neuroinvasive, whereas its neurovirulence was probably consequent to tissue anoxia, which histologically seemed not to be related to direct viral pathogenic effect. The BHV-1 strain Cooper was neither neurovirulent nor neuroinvasive for rabbits. It is possible that these observations bear relationship with the frequent association of BHV-5 with encephalitis in cattle, as opposed to BHV-1 encephalitis, which is a rare event in nature.

• Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis IBR BHV-1 bovine encephalitis herpesvirus BHV-5 Rinotraqueíte infecciosa bovina herpesvírus da encefalite bovina.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Spilki F.R., Esteves P.A., Franco A.C., Lima M., Holz C.L., Batista H.B.C.R., Driemeier D., Flores E.F., Weiblen R. & Roehe P.M. 2002. [Neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness of bovine herpesvirus type 1 and 5 in rabbits.] Neurovirulência e neuroinvasividade de Herpesvírus bovinos tipos 1 e 5 em coelhos. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 22(2):58-63. Centro de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Estrada do Conde 6000, Cx. Postal 47, Eldorado do Sul, RS 92990-000, Brazil. E-mail: proehe@orion.ufrgs.br Com o objetivo de avaliar a capacidade dos herpesvírus bovinos tipos 1 e 5 (BHV-1 e BHV-5) de invadir e replicar no sistema nervoso central (SNC) (neuroinvasividade), bem como sua capacidade de induzir doença neurológica (neurovirulência), coelhos com 30 a 35 dias de idade foram inoculados com uma amostra do Herpesvírus da Encefalite Bovina (BHV-5; amostra EVI 88/95) ou com amostras de BHV-1 (Los Angeles ou Cooper), pelas vias intratecal (IT) e intranasal (IN). A inoculação da amostra de BHV-5, tanto pela via 1T como IN, induziu sinais clínicos neurológicos em 100% (12/12) dos coelhos inoculados. Os exames histopatológicos revelaram um quadro de meningoencefalite não-purulenta multifocal, caracterizada por gliose multifocal e infiltrados perivasculares. O vírus foi isolado de várias áreas do SNC desses animais. As amostras de BHV-1, quando inoculadas pela via IT, não foram neurovirulentas. A amostra Los Angeles de BHV-1, quando administrada pela via IN, induziu sinais respiratórios severos, além de sinais neurológicos em 57% (4/7) dos animais inoculados. Entretanto, o exame histopatológico destes quatro animais revelou vasculite e trombose no pulmão e cérebro, este último apresentando focos de necrose neuronal, porém sem lesões indicativas de encefalite. Isso sugere que os sinais neurológicos foram, provavelmente, consequentes a prejuízos no fluxo sangüíneo encefálico, e não a danos neuronais provocados pela inoculação desse vírus. A amostra Cooper de BHV-1, quando inoculada pela via IN, induziu apenas sinais leves de infecção respiratória. Estes resultados indicam que apenas a amostra de BHV-5 foi capaz de invadir e replicar no encéfalo dos coelhos quando inoculada tanto por via IN como IT, apresentando neuroinvasividade e neurovirulência. É possível que estas observações tenham relação com o fato de amostras de BHV-5 freqüentemente causarem encefalites, em contraposição a infecções pelo BHV-1, onde encefalites são raramente observadas.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Callado A.K.C., Castro R.S. & Teixeira M.F.S. 2001. [Lentiviruses of small ruminants (CAEV and Maedi-Visna): a review and perspectives] Lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes (CAEV e Maedi-Visna): revisão e perspectivas. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 21(3):87-97. Depto Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE 55171-000, Brazil. E-mail: callado@altavista.net Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV), whose prototypes are Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis virus (CAEV) and Maedi-Visna virus, are the causative agents of slow progressive degenerative diseases of goats and sheep (infected animals), responsible for significant economic losses. These viruses cause persistent infections with long periods of incubation and induce inflammatory and degenerative lesions. The lesions are induced in target organs of the host such as joints, CNS, lungs and mammary glands dueto viral replication in cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage which is the main target cell. Infections occur particularly in the young and are acquired through ingestion of virus in milk or colostrum from infected does or ewes. The induction of immune response is variable and does not protect against the infection. Diagnosis is primarily based on the presence of SRLV antibodies usually detected by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) or enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). As no vaccine is available, most often employed schemes to prevent spread of SRLV are based on segregation or/and culling of positive animals associated with management practices, especially the offspring. The strategies of SRLV for dealing with the immune system make difficult to accomplish diagnosis of infection, control or prevention of the viral spread. This review shows aspects of SRLV based on their phylogenetic studies of fields isolates, clinical, and immunopathological features.

• Small ruminant lentiviruses caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus maedi-visna retroviruses phylogenetic analysis epidemiology goat sheep Lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes vírus da artrite-encefalite caprina retrovírus análises filogenéticas epidemiologia caprino ovino.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Callado A.K.C., Castro R.S. & Teixeira M.F.S. 2001. [Lentiviruses of small ruminants (CAEV and Maedi-Visna): a review and perspectives] Lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes (CAEV e Maedi-Visna): revisão e perspectivas. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 21(3):87-97. Depto Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE 55171-000, Brazil. E-mail: callado@altavista.net Os lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes (SRLV), cujos protótipos são os vírus da Artrite-Encefalite Caprina (CAEV) e Maedi-Visna, são patógenos amplamente distribuidos, os quais causam doenças degenerativas progressivas lentas em caprinos e ovinos, determinando importantes perdas econômicas. Estes vírus causam infecções persistentes com período de incubação longo e causam inflamatórias e degenerativas. As lesões são induzidas em tecidos específicos do hospedeiro como articulações, pulmões, CNS e glândulas mamárias devido à replicação virai em células da linhagem monocítico-fagocitária que são as principais células-alvo. A infecção ocorre principalmente durante os primeiros meses de vida, através da ingestão de vírus no leite ou colostro de cabras ou ovelhas infectadas. A indução da resposta imunológica é variável e não protege contra a infecção. O diagnóstico é baseado primariamente na detecção de anticorpos para SRLV, geralmente por imunodifusão em gel de agar (AGID) e enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). O diagnóstico e separação ou descarte dos animais soropositivos associado ao uso de certas práticas de manejo, especialmente das crias, são os principais meios implementados para prevenir a disseminação de SRLV, uma vez que ainda não existe vacina contra o vírus. As estratégias adotadas pelos SRLV para enfrentar o sistema imune dificultam o diagnóstico da infecção, controle ou prevenção da disseminação de SRLV. Esta revisão apresenta alguns aspectos das lentivíroses de pequenos ruminantes baseadas em estudos filogenéticos de amostras isoladas, aspectos clínicos e imunopatológicos.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Beltrão, N., Flores E.F., Weiblen R., Silva A.M., Roehe, P.M. & lrigoyen L.F. 2000. [Acute infection and neurological disease by bovine herpesvirus type-5 (BHV-5): Rabbits as an experimental model.] Infecção aguda e enfermidade neurológica pelo herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BHV-5): coelhos como modelo experimental. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 20(4):144-150. Depto Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105- 900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Rabbits are susceptible to bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) infection and often develop an acute and fatal neurological disease upon intranasal inoculation. The kinetics of viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) was investigated by testing serial brain sections for infectivity at intervals after virus inoculation. The virus was first detected in the main olfactory bulb at 48h, followed by the olfactory cortex at 48/72h. At 72/96h infectivity was also detected in the trigeminal ganglia, pons and cerebral cortex. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the role of the olfactory system in the invasion of the rabbits’ CNS by BHV-5. In the first experiment, rabbits were inoculated with two BHV-5 isolates in the conjunctival sac. Rabbits inoculated by this route developed the neurological disease, yet with a reduced frequency and delayed clinical course. In a second experiment, twelve rabbits were submitted to surgical removal of the olfactory bulb and subsequently inoculated intranasally with BHV-5. Eleven out of 12 (91.6%) of the control rabbits developed the disease, against four out of 12 (33.3%) of the animals lacking the olfactory bulb. These results suggest that the olfactory system is the main pathway utilized by BHV-5 to reach the CNS of rabbits after intranasal inoculation. Nevertheless, the development of neurological infection in rabbits inoculated in the conjunctival sac and in rabbits lacking the olfactory bulb indicate that BHV- 5 may utilize an alternative route to invade the CNS, probably the sensory and autonomic fibers of the trigeminal nerve. The effects of immunization with homologous (BHV-5) and heterologous (BHV-1) strains in prevention of neurological disease by BHV-5 were investigated. Five out of 10 rabbits (50%) immunized with BHV-5 showed mild and transient neurological signs and one died upon challenge. Interestingly, the degree of protection against BHV-5 challenge was higher in rabbits immunized with BHV-1: only two rabbits showed transiente neurological signs and subsequently recovered. Thus, prevention of neurological disease by BHV-5 in rabbits may be achieved by immunization with either BHV-5 or BHV-1, likely reflecting the extensive serological cross-reactivity between these viruses. Further studies in rabbits may help in understanding the pathogenesis and immune response to BHV-5 infection.

• Bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) meningo-encephalitis rabbits experimental model Herpesvírus Bovino tipo 5 meningoencefalite coelhos modelo experimental.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Beltrão, N., Flores E.F., Weiblen R., Silva A.M., Roehe, P.M. & lrigoyen L.F. 2000. [Acute infection and neurological disease by bovine herpesvirus type-5 (BHV-5): Rabbits as an experimental model.] Infecção aguda e enfermidade neurológica pelo herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BHV-5): coelhos como modelo experimental. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 20(4):144-150. Depto Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105- 900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Coelhos são susceptíveis à infecção pelo herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BHV-5) e freqüentemente desenvolvem enfermidade neurológica aguda fatal após inoculação intranasal. A cinética da invasão do sistema nervoso central (SNC) de coelhos pelo BHV-5 foi estudada através de pesquisa de vírus em secções do SNC a diferentes intervalos pósinoculação. Após inoculação intranasal, o vírus foi inicialmente detectado no bulbo olfatório às 48h, seguido do córtex olfatório às 48/72h. Às 72/96h o vírus foi detectado também no gânglio trigêmeo, ponte e córtex cerebral. Dois experimentos foram realizados para avaliar a importância do sistema olfatório na invasão do SNC de coelhos pelo BHV-5. No primeiro experimento, coelhos foram inoculados com duas amostras do BHV-5 no saco conjuntival. Coelhos inoculados por essa via também desenvolveram a enfermidade neurológica, porém com menor freqüência com curso clínico tardio. No segundo experimento, doze coelhos foram submetidos à ablação cirúrgica do bulbo olfatório e posteriormente inoculados com o BHV-5 pela via intranasal. Onze de 12 coelhos controle (91,6%), não submetidos à cirurgia, desenvolveram a doença neurológica, contra quatro de 12 (33,3%) dos animais submetidos à remoção cirúrgica do bulbo olfatório. Esses resultados demonstram que o sistema olfatório constitui-se na principal via de acesso do BHV-5 ao encéfalo de coelhos após inoculação intranasal. No entanto, o desenvolvimento de infecção neurológica em coelhos inoculados pela via conjuntival e em coelhos sem o bulbo olfatório indica que o BHV-5 pode utilizar outras vias para invadir o SNC, provavelmente as. fibras sensoriais e autonômicas que compõe o nervo trigêmeo. Os efeitos da imunização com vírus homólogo (BHV-5) e heterólogo (BHV-1) na proteção à infecção neurológica foram investigados. Cinco entre 10 coelhos (50%) imunizados com o BHV-5 apresentaram sinais neurológicos discretos e transitórios e um morreu após o desafio com o BHV-5. Curiosamente, o grau de proteção foi superior nos coelhos imunizados com o BHV-1: apenas dois animais apresentaram sinais clínicos passageiros e recuperaram-se. Portanto, proteção da enfermidade neurológica pelo BHV-5 em coelhos pode ser obtida por imunização com o BHV-5 ou BHV-1, provavelmente devido à extensa reatividade sorológica cruzada entre esses vírus. Estudos adicionais em coelhos podem auxiliar no esclarecimento da patogênese e resposta imunológica a infecção pelo BHV-5.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Silva A.M., Flores E.F., Weiblen R., Botton S.A., lrigoyen L.F., Roehe P.M., Brum M.C.S. & Canto M.C. 1998. [Acute and Iatent infection in sheep inoculated with bovine herpesvirus type-5 (BHV-5).] Infecção aguda e latente em ovinos inoculados com o herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BHV-5). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 18(3/4):99-106. Depto Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97015-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Experimental inoculation of lambs with bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BHV-5) reproduced several aspects of the BHV-5 infection in cattle. lntranasal inoculation was followed by eficiente viral replication and shedding, establishment and reactivation of latency, and even the development of meningoencephalitis in one animal. Lambs inoculated with the brazilian is o late EVl-88 showed transient hipertermia, nasal hiperemia and discharge ranging from serous to muco purulent. The animals shed virus in nasal secretions in titers up to 107,11 TCID50/ml during up to 16 days. One lamb showed clinical signs of encephalitis on day 10 post inoculation (pi), being euthanized in extremis on day 13. lnfectious vírus was recovered from severa) áreas of the brain of this lamb, including anterior and posterior cerebrum, dorso- and ventro-lateral hemisphere, cerebellum, pons, midbrain and olfactory bulb. Histological changes were observed in severa) regions of the brain, most consistently in the anterior cerebrum, ventrolateral cortex and midbrain, and consisted mainly of meningitis, perivascular mononuclear cuffing, focal gliosis, neuronal necrosis and intranuclear inclusions. Four lambs used as sentinels acquired the infection and shed virus starting at the 2nd day pi during up to 7 days. Lambs inoculated with the argentinian isolate A663 showed only mild respiratory signs, although they shed virus for up to 15 days. Administration of dexamethazone to the animals starting at day 50 pi was followed by reactivation of the latent infection and viral shedding during up to 11 days by 76.9% (10/13) of the inoculated lambs and 100% (3/3) of the sentinels. These results demonstrate that sheep are susceptible to BHV-5 acute and latent infection and suggest that natural infections by this virus in sheep may potentially occur. ln this sense, a possible role of this species in the epidemiology of BHV-5 infections awaits further investigation.

• Bovine herpesvirus type 5 BHV-5 experimental infection sheep latency encephalitis Herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 infecção experimental ovinos latência encefalite.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Silva A.M., Flores E.F., Weiblen R., Botton S.A., lrigoyen L.F., Roehe P.M., Brum M.C.S. & Canto M.C. 1998. [Acute and Iatent infection in sheep inoculated with bovine herpesvirus type-5 (BHV-5).] Infecção aguda e latente em ovinos inoculados com o herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BHV-5). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 18(3/4):99-106. Depto Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97015-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Infecção experimental de ovinos com o herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BHV-5) reproduziu vários aspectos da infecção pelo BHV-5 em bovinos. Inoculação intranasal foi seguida de extensiva replicação virai na cavidade nasal, excreção e transmissão do vírus a outros. animais, estabelecimento e reativação de latência, e o desenvolvimento de meningoencefalite clínica em um animal. Ovinos inoculados com a amostra brasi- leira EVl-88 apresentaram hipertermia transitória, hiperemia da mucosa nasal e corrimento nasal de seroso a muco-purulento. Os animais eliminaram vírus em secreções nasais em títulos de até 107,11 DICC50/ml por até 16 dias. Um cordeiro apresentou sinais clínicos de encefalite no dia 10 pósinoculação, sendo sacrificado in extremis no início do dia 13. Infectividade foi detectada em várias regiões do encéfalo des: se animal, incluindo os hemisférios anterior e posterior, córtex orso- e ventro-lateral, ponte, pedúnculo cerebral, cerebelo e bulbo olfatório. Alterações histológicas foram observadas em várias regiões do encéfalo, principalmente no hemisfério anterior, córtex ventro-lateral e pedúnculos cerebrais, e consistiram de meningite mononuclear, manguitos perivasculares, gliose focal, necrose e inclusões intranucleares em neurônios. Quatro ovinos mantidos como sentinelas adquiriram a infecção e eliminaram vírus a partir do final do segundo dia, até 7 dias. Ovinos inoculados com a amostra argentina A663 apresentaram apenas hiperemia e umidecimento da mucosa nasal, embora eliminassem vírus nas secreções nasais por até 15 dias. Tratamento dos animais com dexametasona a partir do dia 50 pós-inoculação provocou reativação da infecção latente e eliminação viral durante até 11 dias por 76,9% (10/13) dos animais inoculados e por 100% (3/3) dos animais sentinela. Esses resultados·demonstram que ovinos são susceptíveis à infecção aguda e latente pelo BHV-5 e sugerem que infecções naturais de ovinos por este vírus podem potencialmente ocorrer. Ness sentido, uma possível participação da espécie ovina como reservatório natural desse vírus deve ser melhor investigada.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Marchesin D.M., Moojen V. & Ravazzolo A.P. 1998. [Molecular characterization of part of the gag gene of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus isolated from naturally infected goats from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.] Caracterização molecular parcial do gene gag de amostras do vírus da artrite-encefalite caprina (CAEV) isoladas de animais naturalmente infectados no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 18(3/4):119-126. Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Cx. Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil. The gag gene of 5 CAEV samples, isolated from naturally infected goats from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were analised by PCR and restriction endonuclease (Ddel, Haelll e Ndel) digestion. Fragments of about 600 bp were amplified by PCR and submitted to enzymatic digestion. The patterns observed were compared with the correspondinggag sequences from 6 small ruminant lentiviruses. The results obtained allowed the separation of 3 distinct groups. The restriction fragment profiles observed were different from those previously described.

• Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus Ientivirus PCR RFLP Virus da artrite-encefalite caprina Lentivírus.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Marchesin D.M., Moojen V. & Ravazzolo A.P. 1998. [Molecular characterization of part of the gag gene of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus isolated from naturally infected goats from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.] Caracterização molecular parcial do gene gag de amostras do vírus da artrite-encefalite caprina (CAEV) isoladas de animais naturalmente infectados no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 18(3/4):119-126. Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Cx. Postal 15005, Porto Alegre, RS 91501-970, Brazil. Realizou-se a análise de parte do gene gag, que codifica para as proteínas do capsídeo viral, de 5 amostras de CAEV isolados de animais naturalmente infectados do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. As amostras foram analisadas por PCR e clivagem com enzimas de restrição (Ddel, Haelll e Ndel). Fragmentos de aproximadamente 600 pb foram amplificados na PCR e submetidos à digestão enzimática. Os perfis obtidos foram comparados com as seqüências gag de 6 lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes. Os resultados obtidos permitiram separar as amostras em 3 grupos distintos. Os fragmentos observados foram diferentes dos descritos previamente.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Abreu S.R.O., Castro R.S., Nascimento S.A. & Souza M.G. 1998. [CAEV nucleoproteic antigen production and comparison with Maedi-Visna antigen in the immunodiffusion test.] Produção de antígeno nucleoprotéico do vírus da artrite-encefalite caprina e comparação com o do vírus Maedi-Visna para utilização em teste de imunodifusão em ágar gel. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 18(2):57-60. Depto Med. Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua D. Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE 52171-030, Brazil. A comparison of Maedi-Visna virus (MW) and Caprine Arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) antigens for detection of antibodies to CAEV was performed using sera from 120 goats. The sensitivity and specificity of the immunodiffusion test using MW antigen compared to that of CAEV antigen was 77.3% and 100%, respectively (X2, p < 0.01). These results suggested that only CAEV antigen should be used in immunodiffusion tests for CAEV diagnosis.

• Caprine arthritis-encephalitis Maedi/Visna antigen immunodiffusion Artrite-encefalite caprina antígeno imunodifusão.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Abreu S.R.O., Castro R.S., Nascimento S.A. & Souza M.G. 1998. [CAEV nucleoproteic antigen production and comparison with Maedi-Visna antigen in the immunodiffusion test.] Produção de antígeno nucleoprotéico do vírus da artrite-encefalite caprina e comparação com o do vírus Maedi-Visna para utilização em teste de imunodifusão em ágar gel. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 18(2):57-60. Depto Med. Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua D. Manoel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE 52171-030, Brazil. Foi feita uma comparação entre os antígenos (Ag), preparados a partir dos vírus Maedi-Visna (MW) e Artriteencefalite Caprina (CAEV) para detecção de anticorpos contra o CAEV em 120 amostras de soro caprino. A sensibilidade e especificidade relativa da imunodifusão em ágar gel (IDAG) usando-se Ag MW em relação ao Ag CAEV, foi 77,3% e 100%, respectivamente (X2, p<0,01). Assim, para diagnóstico de infecção pelo CAEV recomenda-se apenas o uso de Ag preparado a partir do CAEV.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Salvador S.C., Lemos R.A.A., Riet-Correa F., Roehe P.M. & Osório A.L.A.R. 1998. [Meningoencephalitis in cattle caused by bovine herpesvirus-5 in Mato Grosso do Sul and São Paulo.] Meningoencefalite em bovinos causada por herpesvírus bovino-5 no Mato Grosso do Sul e São Paulo. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 18(2):76-83. Depto Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Cx. Postal 649, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil. Fifteen outbreaks of bovine herpesvirus-type 5 (BHV-5) infection were diagnosed from August 1993 to December 1996. Fourteen outbreaks occurred in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul and one in the State of São Paulo. Cattle 6 to 60 months old were affected. Morbidity reached 0.05% to 5% and case fatality rate was nearly 100%. The disease occurred in diferente municipalities and at different times of the yea1: Clinical signs were exclusively nervous, and the clinical course varied from 1 to 15 days. The main histologic lesions were meningitis, diffuse encephalitis and necrosis of the cerebral cortex with intranuclear inclusion bodies in astrocytes and neurons. BHV-5 was isolated from 11 out of 12 brains of infected animals inoculated in calf testis cells and MDBK cells. The vírus was identified by immunoperoxidase stainingwith use of monoclonal specific antibodies. Outbreaks of infection by BHV-5 represent 5% of the total number of bovine cases submitted for diagnosis to the Clinical Hospital of the University of Mato Grosso do Sul. These results indicate the importance of the disease in Mato Grosso do Sul and the need for its differentiation from other diseases which affect the nervous system.

• Meningoencephalitis bovine herpesvirus-5 BHV-5 cortical cerebral necrosis cattle Mato Grosso do Sul Meningoencefalite herpesvírus bovino-5 polioencefalomalacia bovinos Mato Grosso do Sul.

Abstract in Portuguese:

RESUMO.- Salvador S.C., Lemos R.A.A., Riet-Correa F., Roehe P.M. & Osório A.L.A.R. 1998. [Meningoencephalitis in cattle caused by bovine herpesvirus-5 in Mato Grosso do Sul and São Paulo.] Meningoencefalite em bovinos causada por herpesvírus bovino-5 no Mato Grosso do Sul e São Paulo. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 18(2):76-83. Depto Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Cx. Postal 649, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil. Quinze focos de meningoencefalite por herpesvírus bovino-5 (BHV-5) foram diagnosticados entre agosto de 1993 e dezembro de 1996, sendo 14 provenientes do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul e um do estado de São Paulo. A doença ocorreu em diversos municípios e em diferentes épocas do ano. Foram afetados bovinos de 6 a 60 meses de idade, com uma morbidade de 0,05% a 5% e letalidade próxima a 100%. Os sinais clínicos foram exclusivamente nervosos e o curso da enfermidade variou de 1 a 15 dias. As principais lesões histológicas detectadas foram meningite e encefalite difusa com malacia do córtex cerebral e presença de corpúsculos de inclusão intranucleares em astrócitos e neurônios. O vírus foi isolado do cérebro de 11 de um total de 12 animais, e sua identidade confirmada por imunoperoxidase, utilizando-se anticorpos monoclonais específicos. Os surtos de encefalite por BHV-5 representam 5% dos diagnósticos realizados em bovinos pelo Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul. Os resultados deste trabalho evidenciam a importância da doença no Mato Grosso do Sul e indicam a necessidade de incluir a encefalite por BHV-5 no diagnóstico diferencial de outras doenças do sistema nervoso de bovinos frequentes no Estado.

Abstract in English:

ABSTRACT.- Roehe P.M., Silva T.C., Nardi N.B., Oliveira L.G. & Rosa J.C.A. 1997. [Monoclonal antibody differentiation between bovine herpesviruses type 1 and 5.] Diferenciação entre os vírus da rinotraqueíte infecciosa bovina (BHV-1) e herpesvírus da encefalite bovina (BHV-5) com anticorpos monoclonais. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 17(1):41-44. Centro de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Caixa Postal 2076, Porto Alegre, RS 90001-970, Brazil. Bovine Herpesviruses (BHV) type 1 (BHV-1) and type 5 (BHV-5) were analysed by immunoperoxidase staining with a panei of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) prepared against BHV antigens. One of the Mabs recognized ali BHV isolates tested. The remainder four mabs recognized only BHV-1 samples, including standard laboratory strains. Ali isolates associated with clinical cases of encephalitis (BHV-5) displayed a pattern of reactivity distinct from that of viruses isolated from syndromes associated with BHV-1 infections. The results obtained indicate that such Mabs allowed the differentiation between BHV-1 and BHV-5, with a perfect correlation between the clinical pictures and the patterns of reactivity in vitro.

• Bovine herpesviruses infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus IBR IPV bovine encephalitis virus BHV-1 BHV-5 Herpesvírus bovinos rinotraqueíte infecciosa bovina encefalite bovina.

Abstract in Portuguese:

SINOPSE.- Roehe P.M., Silva T.C., Nardi N.B., Oliveira L.G. & Rosa J.C.A. 1997. [Monoclonal antibody differentiation between bovine herpesviruses type 1 and 5.] Diferenciação entre os vírus da rinotraqueíte infecciosa bovina (BHV-1) e herpesvírus da encefalite bovina (BHV-5) com anticorpos monoclonais. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 17(1):41-44. Centro de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Caixa Postal 2076, Porto Alegre, RS 90001-970, Brazil. Amostras de herpesvírus bovinos (BHV) tipo 1 (Virus da Rinotraqueíte Infecciosa BovinaNulvovaginite Pustular Infecciosa; BHV-1) e tipo 5 (Herpesvírus da Encefalite Bovina; BHV-5) tiveram seu perfil de reatividade analisado em testes de imunoperoxidase frente a um painel composto por cinco anticorpos monoclonais (AcM) produzidos contra antígenos de BHV-1. Um dos AcM reconheceu todas as amostras de BHV examinadas. Os quatro AcM restantes reconheceram somente amostras de BHV-1. Todas as amostras isoladas de casos de encefalites (BHV-5) apresentaram um padrão de reação distinto daquelas isoladas de outros síndromes associados à infecção pelo BHV-1. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os AcM avaliados permitem a diferenciação entre amostras de BHV-1 e BHV-5, havendo perfeita correlação entre os quadros clínicos observados com os perfis de reatividade obtidos in vitro.